Emerging Multiport Electrical Machines and Systems: Past Developments, Current Challenges, and Future Prospects

Distinct from the conventional machines with only one electrical and one mechanical port, electrical machines featuring multiple electrical/mechanical ports (the so-called multiport electrical machines) provide a compact, flexible, and highly efficient manner to convert and/or transfer energies among different ports. This paper attempts to make a comprehensive overview of the existing multiport topologies, from fundamental characteristics to advanced modeling, analysis, and control, with particular emphasis on the extensively investigated brushless doubly fed machines for highly reliable wind turbines and power split devices for hybrid electric vehicles. A qualitative review approach is mainly adopted, but strong efforts are also made to quantitatively highlight the electromagnetic and control performance. Research challenges are identified, and future trends are discussed

Analytical prediction of the electromagnetic torques in single-phase and two-phase AC motors

The single-phase and two-phase versions of AC motors can be modelled by means of the two-axis (d-q) theory with sufficient accuracy when the equivalent circuit parameters are correctly estimated. This work attempts to present a unified approach to the analytical prediction of the electromagnetic torque of these machines. Classical d-q axes formulation requires that the reference frame should be fixed on the frame where the asymmetries arise, i.e. the stator and rotor. The asynchronous torques that characterize the induction motors are modelled in a stationary reference frame, where the d-q axes coincide with the physical magnetic axes of the stator windings. For the permanent magnet motors, that may exhibit asymmetries on both stator and rotor, the proposed solution includes: a series of frame transformations, followed by symmetrical components decomposition. As in single-phase and two-phase systems the homopolar component is zero; each symmetrical component – negative and positive – is further analysed using d-q axes theory. The superposition principle is employed to consider the magnets and rotor cage effects. The developed models account for the most important asymmetries of the motor configuration. These are, from the stator point of view, different distribution, conductors' dimensions and number of effective turns, non-orthogonal magnetic axes windings and from the rotor point of view, asymmetrical rotor cage, variable reluctance, and permanent magnets effect. The time and space harmonics effect is ignored. Test data are compared with the computed data in order to observe how the simplifying assumptions affect the level of accuracy. The analytical prediction methods make possible torque computation according to the nature of the torque being computed, namely, induction, reluctance and excitation (permanent magnet). The results are available for quasi steady-state, steady-state (rated or synchronous speed) and dynamic analyses. All the developed mathematical models can be used in preliminary design for further optimisation and accurate estimation in complex numerical models. Another important feature of the analytical models for single-phase and two-phase AC motors, is that they can be directly implemented in any suitable electrical drives control strategy.reviewe

Energy Characteristics of Electric Drive of Oscillatory Motion at the Shock-Free Start

The peculiarity of operation of oscillatory electric drive with doubly-fed motor at realization of algorithm of shock-free start was considered. The method of evaluating of energy parameters of such motors operating at the resonance mode with учетом of quantitative and qualitative components of the process of energy conversion by an electric motor (doubly-fed motor) is proposed. The calculation of energy characteristics of electric drive of this type was made, the results of calculation show an increase of energy efficiency (an average, generalized efficiency coefficient [eta]E increased by 10 %), which confirms the practical significance of the research object

Torque analysis on a double rotor electrical variable transmission with hybrid excitation

An electrical variable transmission (EVT) can be used as a power splitting device in hybrid electrical vehicles. The EVT analyzed in this paper is a rotating field electrical machine having two concentric rotors. On the outer rotor, permanent magnets (PMs) are combined with a dc-field winding, being the first implementation of its kind. The magnetic field in the machine as well as the electromagnetic torque on both rotors are a function of the q- and d-axis currents of the stator and inner rotor, as well as the dc-field current. To describe and fully understand this multiple-input multiple-output machine, this paper gives an overview of the influence of the different current inputs on the flux linkage and torque on both rotors. Focus is given to the hybrid excitation in the d-axis by combining the dc-field current and the alternating currents. This has the advantage compared to other EVT topologies that unwanted stator torque can be avoided without stator d-axis current flux weakening. Results of the analysis are presented by means of the torque to current characteristics of a double rotor PM-assisted EVT, as well as the torque to current ratios. The machine characteristics are finally experimentally verified on a prototype machine

Modelling and Validation of a Regenerative Shock Absorber System

Abstract— For effective energy regeneration and vibration dampening, energy regenerative suspension systems have received more studies recently. This paper presents the dynamic modeling and a test system of a regenerative shock absorber system which converts vibration motion into rotary motion through the adjustment of hydraulic flow. Hydraulic circuit configuration achieves the one way flow and energy regeneration during both compression and extension strokes. The dynamic modeling is performed for the evaluation of design concept and the feasibility studies of regenerative shock absorber system theoretically. Based on simulated results, the efficiency of hydraulic transmission is optimized and validated in test system. The results show that the performance of hydraulic fluid, the features of rotary motion and the capability of energy regeneration are verified and compared between dynamic modeling and experiments. Meanwhile, the average power of 118.2W and 201.7W with the total energy conversion of 26.86% and 18.49% can be obtained based on experiments under sinusoidal inputs with 0.07854m/s and 0.1256m/s respectively

Torque Control

This book is the result of inspirations and contributions from many researchers, a collection of 9 works, which are, in majority, focalised around the Direct Torque Control and may be comprised of three sections: different techniques for the control of asynchronous motors and double feed or double star induction machines, oriented approach of recent developments relating to the control of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors, and special controller design and torque control of switched reluctance machine

A Complete Equivalent Circuit for Linear Induction Motors With Laterally Asymmetric Secondary for Urban Railway Transit

Since the linear induction motor commonly work with a laterally asymmetric secondary as it is applied to pull rail vehicles, this paper presents a complete equivalent circuit model considering the asymmetry to predict thrust, vertical and transversal forces. First, six correction factors are presented to quantify the variations in the air-gap magnetic flux and secondary induced current as the linear induction motor operating with a laterally asymmetric secondary. Second, it develops a circuit model based on the existing T-model for the rotary induction motor and two correction factors for the magnetizing branch, which is used to indicate the electromagnetic variations in the air-gap flux and secondary plate due to the asymmetry. Third, the mathematical expressions for the thrust, vertical and transversal forces are derived by applying the equivalent circuit model. Then, the six correction factors are calculated with a prototype motor, and the results of them are comprehensively analyzed. Finally, the characteristics in the prototype motor are calculated with the mathematical expressions in a range of rated speed，and validated by the experimental measurements carried out on a test rig and line for linear motors

An efficient offshore wind-wave hybrid generation system using direct-drive multitoothed rotating and linear machines

This paper presents an offshore wind-wave hybrid generation (WWHG) system, which can efficiently harness the offshore wind and wave energy. The key is to use the multitoothed doubly-salient permanent-magnet (MDSPM) machines for serving the rotating generator and the linear generator. Different from the traditional wind or wave generation system, this WWHG system integrates the wind generation part and wave generation part together to directly harness the wind and wave energy without gear box. The system configuration and machine design are analyzed and discussed in detail. Also, the finite-element method is performed to verify the validity of the proposed two machine design. The results tell that the system has the high reliability and can be upgraded to the suitable size for offshore hybrid-source energy conversion in practical application. © 2014 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

Electromagnetic launch systems for civil aircraft assisted take-off

This paper considers the feasibility of different technologies for an electromagnetic launcher to assist civil aircraft take-off. This method is investigated to reduce the power required from the engines during initial acceleration. Assisted launch has the potential of reducing the required runway length, reducing noise near airports and improving overall aircraft efficiency through reducing engine thrust requirements. The research compares two possible linear motor topologies which may be efficaciously used for this application. The comparison is made on results from both analytical and finite element analysis (FEA)