CD4+4^{\text{+}} T cells in cancer

Cancer immunology and immunotherapy are driving forces of research and development in oncology, mostly focusing on CD$8^{\text{+}}$ T cells and the tumor microenvironment. Recent progress highlights the importance of CD$4^{\text{+}}$ T cells, corresponding to the long-known fact that CD$4^{\text{+}}$ T cells are central players and coordinators of innate and antigen-specific immune responses. Moreover, they have now been recognized as anti-tumor effector cells in their own right. Here we review the current status of CD$4^{\text{+}}$ T cells in cancer, which hold great promise for improving knowledge and therapies in cancer

Floating body, illumination body, and polytopal approximation

Let $K$ be a convex body in $\Bbb R^{d}$ and $K_{t}$ its floating bodies. There is a polytope with at most $n$ vertices that satisfies $$K_{t} \subset P_{n} \subset K$$ where $$n \leq e^{16d} \frac{vol_{d}(K \setminus K_{t})}{t\ vol_{d}(B_{2}^{d})}$$ Let $K^{t}$ be the illumination bodies of $K$ and $Q_{n}$ a polytope that contains $K$ and has at most $n$ $d-1$-dimensional faces. Then $$vol_{d}(K^{t} \setminus K) \leq cd^{4} vol_{d}(Q_{n} \setminus K)$$ where $$ n \leq \frac{c}{dt} \ vol_{d}(K^{t} \setminus K) $

Route of transmission might influence the clinical expression of periodontal lesions in "Human immunodeficiency virus" positive patients

Background: Various routes have been reported with respect to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from one individual to another. But it is not clear whether they alter the clinical expression of the disease. This study was conducted to know whether there exists any difference in the occurrence of periodontal lesions among untreated HIV subjects who acquired the disease either through intravenous drug abuse or sexual contact and to correlate those lesions with immune suppression as indicated by CD 4 T lymphocyte counts.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 213 HIV-positive subjects who had not started on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) were selected and divided into two groups intravenous drug users (IVDU) and non-IVDU (NIVDU). CD 4 T lymphocyte counts were evaluated and clinical examination was done to detect the presence of pathologic periodontal lesions.Results: Mean probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) are significantly higher in drug users than nondrug users. When periodontal lesions are compared with CD 4 cell counts, it is found that significant inverse relation exists between linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, and CD 4 counts, but only in nondrug users. Conclusion: An inverse correlation between linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, and CD 4 counts in NIVDU indicating their reliability as a marker for immune suppression. Periodontitis is more prevalent among drug users indicating some difference in disease expression among the groups

Portuguese adolescents : active lifestyles and health

FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), IDP (Instituto do Desporto de Portugal), AIESEP World Congres

Immune responses in patients with HIV infection after vaccination with recombinant Hepatitis B virus vaccine

BACKGROUND: Patients with HIV infection are at risk of co-infection with HBV, as the routes of transmission are shared and thus immunization with HBV vaccine could be protective in them. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of recombinant vaccine in treatment-naive HIV positive patients and healthy controls, and to dissect out differences if any, in different limbs of immune response. METHODS: Forty HIV positive patients and 20 HIV negative controls, negative for HBsAg, HBsAbs and HBcAbs were vaccinated with three doses of 40μg and 20μg of vaccine respectively. Patients were divided into high CD4 and low CD4 group based on CD4+ lymphocytes of 200 and < 200/mm3 respectively. Group II consisted of healthy controls. Detection of phenotypic markers was done by flowcytometry. Cytokine estimation was done by sandwich ELISA. HBsAbs were estimated in serum by ELISA. RESULTS: After vaccination, CD(4)+, CD(8)+ and CD(3)+ cells increased significantly in all the groups. There was no increase in NK cell activity in patients with high CD(4)+ lymphocytes and only a marginal increase in patients with low CD(4)+ lymphocytes (170 to 293/mm3) whereas a marked increase was observed in controls (252 to 490/mm3). After vaccination, although an increase in memory cells was observed in HIV positive patients, yet HBsAb levels were significantly lower than controls (P < 0.05) indicating a functional defect of memory cells in HIV/AIDS patients. Basal IFN-γ levels were also significantly lower in HIV/AIDS patients (P < 0.01). Although the levels increased after vaccination, the peak level remained lower than in controls. HBsAb titers were much lower in HIV positive patients compared to controls. (High CD(4)+ group: 8834 mIU/ml, low CD(4)+ group: 462 mIU/ml Vs. Controls: 16,906 mIU/ml). IL-4 and IL-10 were low in patients. CONCLUSION: Despite a double dose in patients, IL-4 and IL-10, which regulate antibody response, were also lower in patients, and this together with low CD(4)+ counts and lack of T help, accounted for low HBsAb levels. Vaccination in patients with CD(4)+ lymphocytes < 50/mm(3) was ineffective. Thus early immunization is advocated in all HIV positive patients at a stage when they are still capable of mounting an adequate immune respons

Efektivitas Iradiasi terhadap Penurunan Limfosit T pada Komponen Sel Darah Merah Pekat

Pemberian transfusi darah merupakan salah satu tindakan medis untuk penyelamatan nyawa (life saving)dan penyembuhan penyakit, tetapi di sisi lain tindakan ini juga memiliki risiko atau komplikasi. Salahsatu komplikasi yang dikenal adalah Transfusion-Associated Graft-vs-Host Disease (TAGVHD) yangmenyebabkan berproliferasinya limfosit T yang kemudian akan diikuti oleh proses engraft (tertanam)di dalam tubuh resipien khususnya yang berada dalam kondisi imunokompeten seperti pasien kankeratau dengan penyakit autoimun. Saat ini, satu€“satunya metode yang dapat diterima untuk mencegahkomplikasi tersebut adalah dengan melakukan iradiasi darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuidosis iradiasi dan waktu penyinaran yang tepat untuk menurunkan jumlah CD 3+ dan CD 4+ sebagaipenyebab terjadinya TAGVHD. Hasil penelitian dapat dijadikan rekomendasi untuk prosedur iradiasiterhadap komponen sel darah merah pekat yang akan diberikan pada pasien-pasien imunokompetendi RS Kanker Dharmais Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain penelitian eksperimental denganpemeriksaan time series yang dilakukan terhadap 54 kantong komponen sel darah merah pekat denganumur simpan tidak lebih dari satu hari. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap jumlah CD 3+ dan CD 4+ dalamtiga dosis dengan tiga serial waktu berbeda. Terjadi penurunan secara bermakna jumlah CD 3+ denganpenyinaran dosis 3000 cGy dan CD 4+ dengan penyinaran dosis 2500 dan 3000 cGy pada komponen seldarah merah pekat yang dilakukan iradiasi pada waktu penyinaran 3 jam dan 5 jam. Dosis penyinaran2500 cGy dan setelah 5 jam penyinaran memberikan penurunan viabilitas CD 3+.Kata Kunci: iradiasi, Transfusion-Associated Graft-vs-Host Disease (TAGVHD), CD 3+, CD 4+ AbstractBlood transfusion is a medical treatment for life-saving and cure the disease. On the other hand thesetreatment also have risks or complications, one of which is known as Transfusion-Associated Graftvs-Host Disease (TAGVHD) that may cause proliferation T lymphocytes and follow by a processengraft (embedded) in the recipient€™s body at a state of immunocompetent. This condition is commonlyexperienced by patients with impaired immunological systems such as cancer patients or autoimmunediseases. Currently, one - the only acceptable method to prevent such complications by way of bloodirradiation. The aim of the study is to determine the irradiation dose and exposure time in reducingthe amount of CD 3+ and CD 4+ which is the cause of the TAGVHD. The results of this study will be arecommendation for action to the irradiation of packed red cell that will be given in immunocompetentpatients in Jakarta Dharmais Cancer Hospital. This study used an experimental research design timeseries with the examination conducted on 54 bags of packed red cell with the storage time was nolonger than one day. The experiments were conducted on the number of CD 3+ and CD 4+ in three doseswith three different time series. We found the significant decline in the number of CD 3+with 3000 cGyirradiation dose and CD 4+ with 2500 dan 3000 cGy irradiation doses in packed red cell irradiation at 3 to5 hours of irradiation time. The 2500 cGy irradiation doses for 5 hours decreased the viability of CD 3+.Keywords: irradiation, Transfusion-Associated Graft-vs-Host Disease (TAGVHD), CD 3+, CD 4