Survey on Photo-Voltaic Powered Interleaved Converter System

Renewable energy is the best solution to meet the growing demand for energy in the country. The solar energy is considered as the most promising energy by the researchers due to its abundant availability, eco-friendly nature, long lasting nature, wide range of application and above all it is a maintenance free system. The energy absorbed by the earth can satisfy 15000 times of today’s total energy demand and its hundred times more than that our conventional energy like coal and other fossil fuels. Though, there are overwhelming advantages in solar energy, It has few drawbacks as well such as its low conversion ratio, inconsistent supply of energy due to variation in the sun light, less efficiency due to ripples in the converter, time dependent and, above all, high capitation cost. These aforementioned flaws have been addressed by the researchers in order to extract maximum energy and attain hundred percentage benefits of this heavenly resource. So, this chapter presents a comprehensive investigation based on photo voltaic (PV) system requirements with the following constraints such as system efficiency, system gain, dynamic response, switching losses are investigated. The overview exhibits and identifies the requirements of a best PV power generation system

Survey of DC-DC Non-Isolated Topologies for Unidirectional Power Flow in Fuel Cell Vehicles

The automobile companies are focusing on recent technologies such as growing Hydrogen (H2) and Fuel Cell (FC) Vehicular Power Train (VPT) to improve the Tank-To-Wheel (TTW) efficiency. Benefits, the lower cost, `Eco\u27 friendly, zero-emission and high-power capacity, etc. In the power train of fuel cell vehicles, the DC-DC power converters play a vital role to boost the fuel cell stack voltage. Hence, satisfy the demand of the motor and transmission in the vehicles. Several DC-DC converter topologies have proposed for various vehicular applications like fuel cell, battery, and renewable energy fed hybrid vehicles etc. Most cases, the DC-DC power converters are viable and cost-effective solutions for FC-VPT with reduced size and increased efficiency. This article describes the state-of-the-art in unidirectional non-isolated DC-DC Multistage Power Converter (MPC) topologies for FC-VPT application. The paper presented the comprehensive review, comparison of different topologies and stated the suitability for different vehicular applications. This article also discusses the DC-DC MPC applications more specific to the power train of a small vehicle to large vehicles (bus, trucks etc.). Further, the advantages and disadvantages pointed out with the prominent features for converters. Finally, the classification of the DC-DC converters, its challenges, and applications for FC technology is presented in the review article as state-of-the-art in research

Control of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System

265 p.In the era of sustainable development, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has shown significant potential as a renewable energy source. This thesis focuses on improving the performance of the PEM fuel cell system through the use of appropriate algorithms for controlling the power interface. The main objective is to find an effective and optimal algorithm or control law for keeping the stack operating at an adequate power point. Add to this, it is intended to apply the artificial intelligence approach for studying the effect of temperature and humidity on the stack performance. The main points addressed in this study are : modeling of a PEM fuel cell system, studying the effect of temperature and humidity on the PEM fuel cell stack, studying the most common used power converters in renewable energy systems, studying the most common algorithms applied on fuel cell systems, design and implementation of a new MPPT control method for the PEM fuel cell system

Control of a Satellite Based Photovoltaic Array for Optimum Power Draw

This thesis analyzes the general performance and design requirements of photovoltaic(PV) systems, and specifically how they relate to the design of a system intended to supply power to a rotating satellite. The PV array geometry was discussed, different DC-DC converter topologies were analyzed, and optimum array geometry and converter topologies were determined. The potential reference quantities for use in control of the system are examined. Due to its comparably greater linearity with respect to changes in apparent load and its relative insensitivity to insolation changes, voltage was determined to be the best reference quantity for use in stable tracking of the maximum power operating point of photovoltaic modules. The preceding work is used to design and model a photovoltaic system for a rotating satellite ensuring the supply of the maximum available power as well as stable operation. Simulations of the system are performed at rotational velocities up to 300 rev/min and its behavior is analyzed to demonstrate the validity of the preceding work. It was concluded that: ● parallel connected photovoltaic panels provide greater efficiency than series connected panels. ● Buck, Boost, and Cuk Converter architectures are best suited to PV applications ● PV Voltage is the best reference quantity for use in stable control of PV systems

Improvement of voltage stability for grid connected solar photovoltaic systems using static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network

Purpose. This article proposes a new control strategy for static synchronous compensator in utility grid system. The proposed photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator is utilized along with recurrent neural network based reference voltage generation is presented in grid system network. The novelty of the proposed work consists in presenting a Landsman converter enhanced photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network algorithm, to generate voltage and maintain the voltage-gain ratio. Methods. The proposed algorithm which provides sophisticated and cost-effective solution for utilization of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as maximum power point tracking assures controlled output and supports the extraction of complete power from the photovoltaic panel. Grid is interconnected with solar power, voltage phase angle mismatch, harmonic and voltage instability may occur in the distribution grid. The proposed control technique strategy is validated using MATLAB/Simulink software and hardware model to analysis the working performances. Results. The results obtained show that the power quality issue, the proposed system to overcome through elimination of harmonics, reference current generation is necessary, which is accomplished by recurrent neural network. By recurrent neural network, the reference signal is generated more accurately and accordingly the pulses are generated for controlling the inverter. Originality. Compensation of power quality issues, grid stability and harmonic reduction in distribution network by using photovoltaic fed static synchronous compensator is utilized along with recurrent neural network controller. Practical value. The work concerns the comparative study and the application of static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network controller to achieve a good performance control system of the distribution network system. This article presents a comparative study between the conventional static synchronous compensator, static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network and hardware implementation with different load. The strategy based on the use of a static synchronous compensator with recurrent neural network algorithm for the control of the continuous voltage stability and harmonic for the distribution network-linear as well as non-linear loads in efficient manner. The study is validated by the simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink software and hardware model.Мета. У статті пропонується нова стратегія управління статичним синхронним компенсатором в енергосистемі. Запропонований статичний синхронний компенсатор з живленням від фотоелектричних елементів використовується разом з генератором опорної напруги на основі нейронної рекурентної мережі, представленим в мережі енергосистеми. Новизна запропонованої роботи полягає у поданні статичного синхронного компенсатора з покращеним фотоелектричним перетворювачем Ландсмана з алгоритмом рекурентної нейронної мережі для генерації напруги та підтримки коефіцієнта посилення за напругою. Методи. Запропонований алгоритм, який забезпечує ефективне та економічне рішення для використання адаптивної нейро-нечіткої системи логічного виведення як відстеження точки максимальної потужності, забезпечує контрольований вихід та підтримує вилучення повної потужності з фотогальванічної панелі. Мережа взаємопов’язана із сонячною енергією, у розподільній мережі можуть виникати невідповідність фазового кута напруги, гармоніки та нестабільність напруги. Запропонована стратегія методу управління перевіряється з використанням моделей програмного забезпечення MATLAB/Simulink та апаратного забезпечення для аналізу робочих характеристик. Результати. Отримані результати показують, що проблема якості електроенергії, яку запропонована система долає за допомогою усунення гармонік,потребує генерації еталонного струму, що здійснюється рекурентною нейронної мережею. За допомогою рекурентної нейронної мережі більш точно формується еталонний сигнал і відповідно генеруються імпульси для керування інвертором. Оригінальність. Компенсація проблем з якістю електроенергії, стабільністю мережі та зниженням гармонік у розподільній мережі за допомогою статичного синхронного компенсатора з фотоелектричним живленням використовується разом із контролером рекурентної нейронної мережі. Практична цінність. Робота стосується порівняльного дослідження та застосування статичного синхронного компенсатора з рекурентним нейромережевим контролером для досягнення хорошої продуктивності системи управління системою розподільної мережі. У цій статті представлено порівняльне дослідження традиційного статичного синхронного компенсатора, статичного синхронного компенсатора з рекурентною нейронною мережею та апаратною реалізацією з різним навантаженням. Стратегія, що ґрунтується на використанні статичного синхронного компенсатора з рекурентним алгоритмом нейронної мережі для ефективного контролю стабільності постійної напруги та гармонік для лінійних та нелінійних навантажень розподільної мережі. Дослідження підтверджується результатами моделювання з урахуванням програмно-апаратної моделі MATLAB/Simulink

Tapped inductor for switched-mode power converters

Author name used in this publication: K. W. E. ChengPower Electronics Research Centre, Department of Electrical EngineeringRefereed conference paper2006-2007 > Academic research: refereed > Refereed conference paperVersion of RecordPublishe

Advanced Statistical Modeling, Forecasting, and Fault Detection in Renewable Energy Systems

Fault detection, control, and forecasting have a vital role in renewable energy systems (Photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WTs)) to improve their productivity, ef?ciency, and safety, and to avoid expensive maintenance. For instance, the main crucial and challenging issue in solar and wind energy production is the volatility of intermittent power generation due mainly to weather conditions. This fact usually limits the integration of PV systems and WTs into the power grid. Hence, accurately forecasting power generation in PV and WTs is of great importance for daily/hourly efficient management of power grid production, delivery, and storage, as well as for decision-making on the energy market. Also, accurate and prompt fault detection and diagnosis strategies are required to improve efficiencies of renewable energy systems, avoid the high cost of maintenance, and reduce risks of fire hazards, which could affect both personnel and installed equipment. This book intends to provide the reader with advanced statistical modeling, forecasting, and fault detection techniques in renewable energy systems

Analysis and Design of High Efficiency Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) Plug-in Chargers for Local e-Transportation

Electric transportation worldwide has witnessed a tremendous increase in the use of electric vehicles (EV's) due to increased awareness of environmental issues. Road EV's compromise a broad spectrum of vehicles right from two-wheelers three-wheelers (rickshaws/Auto/Trio), cars and electric buses. E-Rickshaw has gained popularity in the Asian market post-2010 because of their symbolic resemblance with traditional auto-rickshaw. The fast growth of the market is principally pushed by the low ownership cost of electric three-wheelers, falling battery prices, and favorable government policies and support. These EVs run on low-cost 48 V, 120 Ah lead acid battery packs having low depth-of-discharge (DOD). Hence, frequent battery charging becomes essential for such EVs. Conventional battery chargers available in the market utilize flyback converter based topologies in order to charge such battery packs. On one hand such battery chargers are easy to implement, these topologies fail to achieve unity power factor (UPF) operation leading to high total harmonic distortion (THD) and poor input power quality at the input. Thus active power factor correction (PFC) becomes a vital constituent in AC-DC converters. By understanding the constraints posed by continuous current mode (CCM) based battery chargers, the proposed converters are designed to operate in discontinuous current mode (DCM) because of its evident benefits such as inherent PFC, zero current turn-on and zero diode reverse recovery losses. By omitting sensors at the input and utilizing only the output sensors, regulated voltage or current can be obtained which makes the system cost-effective and improves its reliability and robustness to high frequency noise. This thesis presents both isolated and non-isolated battery charger for local e-transportation EVs utilizing 48 V lead acid battery pack. At first, a non-isolated single-stage interleaved buck-boost float charger is proposed by considering the advantages such as reduced current stresses, minimum number of semiconductor devices and absence of bulky high frequency transformer. DCM operation of the proposed converter ensure UPF operation for variable input voltage and utilizing just a single sensor makes this charger configuration economical and easy to implement. However, such a configuration had high current stress on the semiconductor devices leading to increased thermal requirement and reduced efficiency at light loads. Thus addressing these problems, a high efficiency two-stage battery charger is proposed. The battery charger uses an interleaved DCM buck-boost converter in order to achieve PFC at variable input voltage, whereas the second stage is an unregulated half-bridge LLC resonant converter which provides isolation as well as soft-switching for the primary switches. Synchronous rectification (SR) along with only capacitive filter is used on center tapped transformer secondary to improve converter efficiency. Due to DCM of the front-end AC-DC converter achieves zero current turn-on of the switches and DC-DC converter switches achieve zero voltage turn-on because of the LLC resonant. The proposed battery charger implements constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) method of charging using simple PI controllers, thus making it suitable for commercial use. Small signal models for both the battery charger configurations are developed using the current injected equivalent circuit approach and a detailed controller design is illustrated. Simulation results using PSIM11.1 software and experimental results from proof-of-concept laboratory hardware prototypes are provided in order to validate the reported analysis and design which demonstrates their performance

Modular DC-DC Converters

DC-DC converter is one of the mostly used power electronic circuits, and it has applications in various areas ranging from portable devices to aircraft power system. Various topologies of dc-dc converters are suitable for different applications. In high power applications such as the bi-directional dc-dc converter for dual bus system in new generation automobiles, several topologies can be considered as a potential candidate. Regardless of the topology used for this application, the reliability of the converter can be greatly enhanced by introducing redundancy of some degree into the system. Using redundancy, uninterrupted operation of the circuit may be ensured when a fault has occurred. The redundancy feature can be obtained by paralleling multiple converters or using a single modular circuit that can achieve this attribute. Thus, a modular dc-dc converter with redundancy is expected to increase the reliability and reduce the system cost. Recently, the advancement in power electronics research has extended its applications in hybrid electric automobiles. Several key requirements of this application are reliable, robust, and high efficiency operation at low cost. In general, the efficiency and reliability of a power electronic circuit greatly depend on the kind of circuit topology used in any application. This is one of the biggest motivations for the researchers to invent new power electronic circuit topologies that will have significant impact in future automobile industry. This dissertation reviews existing modularity in power electronic circuits, and presents a new modular capacitor clamped dc-dc converter design that has many potential uses in future automotive power system. This converter has multilevel operation, and it is capable of handling bi-directional power. Moreover, the modular nature of the converter can achieve redundancy in the system, and thereby, the reliability can be enhanced to a great extent. The circuit has a high operating efficiency (\u3e95%), and it is possible to integrate multiple voltage sources and loads at the same time. Thus, the converter could be considered as a combination of a power electronic converter and a power management system. In addition to the new dc-dc converter topology, a new pair of modular blocks defined as switching cells is presented in this dissertation. This pair of switching cells can be used to analyze many power electronic circuits, and some new designs can be formed using those switching cells in various combinations. Using these switching cells, many power electronic circuits can be made modular, and the modeling and analysis become easier