Digest of Russian Space Life Sciences, issue 33

This is the thirty-third issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 55 papers published in Russian journals. The abstracts in this issue have been identified as relevant to the following areas of space biology and medicine: biological rhythms, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, developmental biology, endocrinology, equipment and instrumentation, gastrointestinal system, genetics, hematology, human performance, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, operational medicine, psychology, radiobiology, and reproductive system

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 3

This is the third issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. Abstracts are included for 46 Soviet periodical articles in 20 areas of aerospace medicine and space biology and published in Russian during the second third of 1985. Selected articles are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. In addition, translated introductions and tables of contents for seven Russian books on six topics related to NASA's life science concerns are presented. Areas covered are adaptation, biospherics, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, endocrinology, exobiology, gravitational biology, habitability and environmental effects, health and medical treatment, immunology, life support systems, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system; neurophysiology, nutrition, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, and space physiology. Two book reviews translated from the Russian are included and lists of additional relevant titles available in English with pertinent ordering information are given

Exercise and functional foods

Appropriate nutrition is an essential prerequisite for effective improvement of athletic performance, conditioning, recovery from fatigue after exercise, and avoidance of injury. Nutritional supplements containing carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals have been widely used in various sporting fields to provide a boost to the recommended daily allowance. In addition, several natural food components have been found to show physiological effects, and some of them are considered to be useful for promoting exercise performance or for prevention of injury. However, these foods should only be used when there is clear scientific evidence and with understanding of the physiological changes caused by exercise. This article describes various "functional foods" that have been reported to be effective for improving exercise performance or health promotion, along with the relevant physiological changes that occur during exercise

Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015

The third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) Consensus Development Conference convened in Carlsbad, California in February 2015 with a panel of 17 international experts. The delegates represented 4 countries and 9 medical and scientific sub-specialties pertaining to athletic training, exercise physiology, sports medicine, water/sodium metabolism, and body fluid homeostasis. The primary goal of the panel was to review the existing data on EAH and update the 2008 Consensus Statement.1 This document serves to replace the second International EAH Consensus Development Conference Statement and launch an educational campaign designed to address the morbidity and mortality associated with a preventable and treatable fluid imbalance. The following statement is a summary of the data synthesized by the 2015 EAH Consensus Panel and represents an evolution of the most current knowledge on EAH. This document will summarize the most current information on the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of EAH for medical personnel, athletes, athletic trainers, and the greater public. The EAH Consensus Panel strove to clearly articulate what we agreed upon, did not agree upon, and did not know, including minority viewpoints that were supported by clinical experience and experimental data. Further updates will be necessary to both: (1) remain current with our understanding and (2) critically assess the effectiveness of our present recommendations. Suggestions for future research and educational strategies to reduce the incidence and prevalence of EAH are provided at the end of the document as well as areas of controversy that remain in this topic. [excerpt

The Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Physical Training on the Absorptive Cells, Absorption of Carbohydrate and Protein in Small Intestine

The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphofunctional response of a total number of absorptive cells, and carbohydrate and protein absorption capability in the small intestine of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (RNSW) that has been subjected to aerobic and anaerobic physical training based on the morphofunctional physiological paradigm. This study was based on the separate sample pretest-posttest control group design, using a t-test, and multivariate SPSS ten program, with five percent level of significance. The sample consisted of one hundred and twenty, male RNSW, with average age of five months, and body weight of 246-278 grams. They were divided into twelve groups at random, i.e. four pretest groups, two control groups, and six treated groups where different diets were given thirty minutes before undergoing posttest. The experimental animals underwent four weeks physical training (twelve times), three groups were given aerobic physical training by swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight, the others three groups received anaerobic physical training by swimming with a burden of nine percent fasting body weight. The experiment was conducted at night, between 7.30 PM to 10.30 PM, in a water with a temperature of    28°C to 30°C. Result of the study revealed: (1) Aerobic and anaerobic physical training, increased the number of absorptive cells (t = -73,281, p = 0,000), and increased the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein (Hotelling\u27s Trace = 0,244, p = 0,000). (2) There was a difference in the increased absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein among groups (Hotelling\u27s Trace = 0,404a, p = 0,000). Aerobic physical training had less influence than anaerobic physical training on the increased number of absorptive cells, and the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein in the small intestine. In conclusion: (1) Aerobic physical training of swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight, and anaerobic physical training of swimming with a burden nine percent fasting body weight correlate with the increase the number of absorptive cells, and carbohydrate and protein absorptive capacity of the small intestine. (2) Anaerobic physical training of swimming with a burden nine percent fasting body weight has better correlation than aerobic physical training of swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight with the increased number of absorptive cells, and the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein in the small intestine

The Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Physical Training on the Absorptive Cells, Absorption of Carbohydrate and Protein in Small Intestine

The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphofunctional response of a total number of absorptive cells, and carbohydrate and protein absorption capability in the small intestine of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (RNSW) that has been subjected to aerobic and anaerobic physical training based on the morphofunctional physiological paradigm. This study was based on the separate sample pretest-posttest control group design, using a t-test, and multivariate SPSS ten program, with five percent level of significance. The sample consisted of one hundred and twenty, male RNSW, with average age of five months, and body weight of 246-278 grams. They were divided into twelve groups at random, i.e. four pretest groups, two control groups, and six treated groups where different diets were given thirty minutes before undergoing posttest. The experimental animals underwent four weeks physical training (twelve times), three groups were given aerobic physical training by swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight, the others three groups received anaerobic physical training by swimming with a burden of nine percent fasting body weight. The experiment was conducted at night, between 7.30 PM to 10.30 PM, in a water with a temperature of    28°C to 30°C. Result of the study revealed: (1) Aerobic and anaerobic physical training, increased the number of absorptive cells (t = -73,281, p = 0,000), and increased the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein (Hotelling's Trace = 0,244, p = 0,000). (2) There was a difference in the increased absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein among groups (Hotelling's Trace = 0,404a, p = 0,000). Aerobic physical training had less influence than anaerobic physical training on the increased number of absorptive cells, and the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein in the small intestine. In conclusion: (1) Aerobic physical training of swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight, and anaerobic physical training of swimming with a burden nine percent fasting body weight correlate with the increase the number of absorptive cells, and carbohydrate and protein absorptive capacity of the small intestine. (2) Anaerobic physical training of swimming with a burden nine percent fasting body weight has better correlation than aerobic physical training of swimming with a burden of three percent fasting body weight with the increased number of absorptive cells, and the absorptive capacity of carbohydrate and protein in the small intestine

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 1

The first issue of the bimonthly digest of USSR Space Life Sciences is presented. Abstracts are included for 49 Soviet periodical articles in 19 areas of aerospace medicine and space biology, published in Russian during the first quarter of 1985. Translated introductions and table of contents for nine Russian books on topics related to NASA's life science concerns are presented. Areas covered include: botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, cybernetics and biomedical data processing, endocrinology, gastrointestinal system, genetics, group dynamics, habitability and environmental effects, health and medicine, hematology, immunology, life support systems, man machine systems, metabolism, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, reproductive system, and space biology. This issue concentrates on aerospace medicine and space biology

Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: A review

AbstractBackgroundThe physiological and biochemical demands of intense exercise elicit both muscle-based and systemic responses. The main adaptations to endurance exercise include the correction of electrolyte imbalance, a decrease in glycogen storage and the increase of oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, muscle damage, and systemic inflammatory response. Adaptations to exercise might be influenced by the gut microbiota, which plays an important role in the production, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from the diet as well as in inflammation, redox reactions, and hydration status.MethodsA systematic and comprehensive search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, Science Direct, Springer Link, and EMBASE was done. The search process was completed using the keywords: “endurance”; “exercise”; “immune response”; “microbiota”; “nutrition”; and “probiotics”.ResultsReviewed literature supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota might be able to provide a measureable, effective marker of an athlete's immune function and that microbial composition analysis might also be sensitive enough to detect exercise-induced stress and metabolic disorders. The review also supports the hypothesis that modifying the microbiota through the use of probiotics could be an important therapeutic tool to improve athletes' overall general health, performance, and energy availability while controlling inflammation and redox levels.ConclusionThe present review provides a comprehensive overview of how gut microbiota may have a key role in controlling the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses as well as improving metabolism and energy expenditure during intense exercise

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, volume 1, no. 4

An overview of the developments and direction of the USSR Space Life Sciences Program is given. Highlights of launches, program development, and mission planning are given. Results of ground-based research and space flight studies are summarized. Topics covered include: space medicine and physiology; space biology, and life sciences and technology

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, Issue 18

This is the 18th issue of NASA's USSR Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 50 papers published in Russian language periodicals or presented at conferences and of 8 new Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. A review of a recent Aviation Medicine Handbook is also included. The abstracts in this issue have been identified as relevant to 37 areas of space biology and medicine. These areas are: adaptation, aviation medicine, biological rhythms, biospherics, body fluids, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, cytology, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, equipment and instrumentation, exobiology, gastrointestinal system, genetics, gravitational biology, group dynamics, habitability and environmental effects, hematology, human performance, immunology, life support systems, man-machine systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, operational medicine, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, reproductive biology, space biology and medicine, and space industrialization