The Gatlin Site (41KR621): Investigating Archaic Lifeways on the Southern Edwards Plateau of Central Texas

From May 2004 through the summer of 2008 and on behalf of the Environmental Affairs Division (ENV) of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) undertook extensive archaeological investigations and analyses on the Gatlin site, 41KR621, located on the Guadalupe River, Kerr County, Texas. Work at the site was necessitated by the planned 1.15-mile extension of Spur 98 from its current limits to cross the Guadalupe River and terminate at FM 1338. As the project included both state and federal funding, TxDOT was required to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, the implementing regulations of 36CFR Part 800, and the Texas Antiquities Code. In the case of 41KR621, since the archaeological site was determined eligible for listing under Criterion D and since impacts could not be avoided, a plan to mitigate the project effects was developed. The subsequent work in the form of data recovery is the primary basis of this report. SWCA initially conducted the survey and site testing investigations along the Spur 98 corridor in May 2004. TxDOT then contracted SWCA to conduct the data recovery excavations under THC Antiquities Permit 3532. Data recovery excavations at 41KR621 spanned September through November 2004 and included the re-excavation of several backhoe trenches from the testing phase, excavation of new control trenches, removal of overburden in two areas of the site, and hand excavating roughly 145 m3 of the site in broad horizontal exposures. Combined, the testing and data recovery work resulting in the recovery of 37 burned rock features (including a buried burned rock midden), close to 50,000 pieces of debitage, 409 projectile points, 1,085 bifaces, 343 cores, over 400 flaked and non-chipped tools, and a modest amount of ecofacts. The investigations documented four cultural occupations. The earliest of the Gatlin site’s components, Occupation Zone (OZ) 1, contained Gower points and dates from approximately 6,800 B.P. to possibly as late as 6,000 B.P., falling within the Early Archaic. OZ2, a younger and more extensive Early Archaic occupation with mainly Gower and Martindale points, covers the period of ca. 6,100–4,500 B.P. The third zone, OZ3, a more compressed transitional phase between the Early to Middle Archaic dominated by Early Triangular diagnostic artifacts, is a component that produced dates of ca. 4,500–3,850 B.P. The youngest occupation, OZ4, which contained a burned rock midden but proved to be an admixture of broad temporal and cultural components, spans the Middle through Late Archaic periods, as evidenced by numerous diagnostic point types. Utilizing one of the largest excavated samples of Early and Middle Archaic cultural deposits in the southern Edwards Plateau, the results of the study provide a unique look at human adaptation and basic lifeways at the site and surrounding region. Evidence indicates the Gatlin site was primarily utilized by small groups of foraging hunter-gatherers for short periods of time to acquire and process game, replenish their stocks of raw materials, and gear-up for future forays. The abundant game, plant foods, fuel, chert resources, and overall comfort of the riparian setting likely served as major draws for continuous occupation over thousands of years. Utilizing the projectile point sequence and suite of radiocarbon dates from 41KR621, the Early–Middle Archaic chronology of south Central Texas is revised and refined. Comparisons to other excavated sites in the region reveal new and important patterns regarding human adaptation during the Early and Middle Archaic on the southern Edwards Plateau. All artifacts and project related materials will be curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory

Eligibility Testing at Three Prehistoric Sites at Lynch Creek, Lampasas County, Texas

In August 2004, archeologists from the Cultural Resources Section of the Planning, Permitting and Licensing Practice of TRC Environmental Corporation’s Austin office conducted National Register eligibility testing and geoarcheological documentation at three previously unrecorded prehistoric sites, 41LM49, 41LM50, and 41LM51, at two separate bridge crossings over Lynch Creek (TxDOT Project CSJ: #0231-15-032; designated East and West) by Farm to Market Road 580W (FM 580W) in western Lampasas County, Texas. This archeological investigation was necessary under the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), the implementing regulations of 36CRF Part 800 and the Antiquities Code of Texas (Texas Natural Resource Code, Title 9, Chapter 191 as amended) to assess eligibility of all three cultural resource sites for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). This eligibility assessment was for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), Environmental Affairs Division under a Scientific Services Contract No. 573XXSA006 (Work Authorization No. 57315SA006). The analysis and reporting were conducted under contracts 575XXSA008 (Work Authorization 57510SA008), 577XXSA003 (Work Authorization No. 57704SA003) and 571XXSA003 (Work Authorization 57113SA003). All work was performed under Texas Antiquities Committee Permit No. 3494, issued by the Texas Historical Commission (THC) prior to the planned replacement of the two bridges. The materials, artifacts, records, and photographs will be curated at Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL) in Austin

Test Excavations at 41BX791 and 41BX845: Two Burned- Rock Midden Sites Along Proposed S.H. 211 in Northwestern Bexar County, Texas

Archaeologists from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), formerly the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT), performed subsurface test investigations at two burned rock midden sites in northwest Bexar County in 1990 after award of contract. Sites 41BX791 and 41BX845 are situated within the proposed State Highway 211 highway right-of- way (ROW) between S.H. 16 and F.M. 471. Based on diagnostic artifact types, the sites were occupied during the late Early Archaic to Late Prehistoric periods. No activity areas were identifiable at either site, and no radiocarbon samples were obtainable to substantiate site chronology. Site 41BX791 offered only shallow subsurface cultural deposition, while testing results from 41BX845 suggest a great deal of mixing and displacement of cultural strata due to previous disturbance by brush clearing and relic collectors. Considering the condition of both sites, neither of the site areas within the State Highway 211 right-of-way warrant consideration as a State Archaeological Landmark, and no further work is recommended at either site

Generative Modeling in Sinogram Domain for Sparse-view CT Reconstruction

The radiation dose in computed tomography (CT) examinations is harmful for patients but can be significantly reduced by intuitively decreasing the number of projection views. Reducing projection views usually leads to severe aliasing artifacts in reconstructed images. Previous deep learning (DL) techniques with sparse-view data require sparse-view/full-view CT image pairs to train the network with supervised manners. When the number of projection view changes, the DL network should be retrained with updated sparse-view/full-view CT image pairs. To relieve this limitation, we present a fully unsupervised score-based generative model in sinogram domain for sparse-view CT reconstruction. Specifically, we first train a score-based generative model on full-view sinogram data and use multi-channel strategy to form highdimensional tensor as the network input to capture their prior distribution. Then, at the inference stage, the stochastic differential equation (SDE) solver and data-consistency step were performed iteratively to achieve fullview projection. Filtered back-projection (FBP) algorithm was used to achieve the final image reconstruction. Qualitative and quantitative studies were implemented to evaluate the presented method with several CT data. Experimental results demonstrated that our method achieved comparable or better performance than the supervised learning counterparts.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figure

영상 잡음 제거와 수중 영상 복원을 위한 정규화 방법

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 수리과학부,2020. 2. 강명주.In this thesis, we discuss regularization methods for denoising images corrupted by Gaussian or Cauchy noise and image dehazing in underwater. In image denoising, we introduce the second-order extension of structure tensor total variation and propose a hybrid method for additive Gaussian noise. Furthermore, we apply the weighted nuclear norm under nonlocal framework to remove additive Cauchy noise in images. We adopt the nonconvex alternating direction method of multiplier to solve the problem iteratively. Subsequently, based on the color ellipsoid prior which is effective for restoring hazy image in the atmosphere, we suggest novel dehazing method adapted for underwater condition. Because attenuation rate of light varies depending on wavelength of light in water, we apply the color ellipsoid prior only for green and blue channels and combine it with intensity map of red channel to refine the obtained depth map further. Numerical experiments show that our proposed methods show superior results compared with other methods both in quantitative and qualitative aspects.본 논문에서 우리는 가우시안 또는 코시 분포를 따르는 잡음으로 오염된 영상과 물 속에서 얻은 영상을 복원하기 위한 정규화 방법에 대해 논의한다. 영상 잡음 문제에서 우리는 덧셈 가우시안 잡음의 해결을 위해 구조 텐서 총변이의 이차 확장을 도입하고 이것을 이용한 혼합 방법을 제안한다. 나아가 덧셈 코시 잡음 문제를 해결하기 위해 우리는 가중 핵 노름을 비국소적인 틀에서 적용하고 비볼록 교차 승수법을 통해서 반복적으로 문제를 푼다. 이어서 대기 중의 안개 낀 영상을 복원하는데 효과적인 색 타원면 가정에 기초하여, 우리는 물 속의 상황에 알맞은 영상 복원 방법을 제시한다. 물 속에서 빛의 감쇠 정도는 빛의 파장에 따라 달라지기 때문에, 우리는 색 타원면 가정을 영상의 녹색과 청색 채널에 적용하고 그로부터 얻은 깊이 지도를 적색 채널의 강도 지도와 혼합하여 개선된 깊이 지도를 얻는다. 수치적 실험을 통해서 우리가 제시한 방법들을 다른 방법과 비교하고 질적인 측면과 평가 지표에 따른 양적인 측면 모두에서 우수함을 확인한다.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Image denoising for Gaussian and Cauchy noise 2 1.2 Underwater image dehazing 5 2 Preliminaries 9 2.1 Variational models for image denoising 9 2.1.1 Data-fidelity 9 2.1.2 Regularization 11 2.1.3 Optimization algorithm 14 2.2 Methods for image dehazing in the air 15 2.2.1 Dark channel prior 16 2.2.2 Color ellipsoid prior 19 3 Image denoising for Gaussian and Cauchy noise 23 3.1 Second-order structure tensor and hybrid STV 23 3.1.1 Structure tensor total variation 24 3.1.2 Proposed model 28 3.1.3 Discretization of the model 31 3.1.4 Numerical algorithm 35 3.1.5 Experimental results 37 3.2 Weighted nuclear norm minimization for Cauchy noise 46 3.2.1 Variational models for Cauchy noise 46 3.2.2 Low rank minimization by weighted nuclear norm 52 3.2.3 Proposed method 55 3.2.4 ADMM algorithm 56 3.2.5 Numerical method and experimental results 58 4 Image restoration in underwater 71 4.1 Scientific background 72 4.2 Proposed method 73 4.2.1 Color ellipsoid prior on underwater 74 4.2.2 Background light estimation 78 4.3 Experimental results 80 5 Conclusion 87 Appendices 89Docto