15,850 research outputs found

    Ethanol Trade between Brazil and the United States

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    The United States has used tax credit and mandate to promote ethanol production. To offset the tax credit availed by the imported ethanol, the United States instituted an import tariff. This study ascertains the appropriate U.S. ethanol import tariff corresponding to the U.S. domestic policies by setting the policy-induced ethanol price equal to the free market price. The theoretical results from a horizontally-related ethanol-gasoline partial equilibrium model of three countries (the United States, Brazil, and the Rest of the World) show that the United States should provide an import subsidy rather than impose a tariff. The empirical results quantify that this import subsidy is 0.10,insteadofa0.10, instead of a 0.57 import tariff, per gallon of ethanol.ethanol imports, mandate, subsidy, tariff, tax credit, International Relations/Trade, F13,

    Is the U.S. Import Tariff on Brazilian Ethanol Justifiable?

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    The United States has used tax credits and mandates to promote ethanol production. To offset the tax credits received by imported ethanol, the United States instituted an import tariff. This study provides insights about the quantitative nature of a U.S. trade policy that would establish a free-market price for ethanol, given the U.S. ethanol mandate and tax credit. The theoretical results from a horizontally related ethanol-gasoline partial equilibrium model show that the United States should provide an import subsidy rather than impose a tariff. The empirical results quantify that this import subsidy is 9 cents, instead of a 57 cent import tariff, per gallon of ethanol.ethanol imports, mandate, subsidy, tariff, tax credit, International Relations/Trade, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

    Productive Inclusion of Smallholder Farmers in Brazil?s Biodiesel Value Chain: Programme Design, Institutional Incentives and Stakeholder Constraints

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    One of the principal challenges in sustainable development, especially in developing countries, is to build institutions that generate positive environmental and social externalities by helping individuals to perceive a positive relationship between self-interest and ?the common good?. Collective engagement can enable individuals to overcome self-interestedness and work toward shared goals, but ?getting the institutions right? requires an understanding of how the particular set of market and non-market relationships really work for participants. In the context of the biodiesel value chain in Brazil, this paper explores how institutional arrangements need to evolve if they are to foster the productive and sustained inclusion of small farmers and promote sustainable innovation as a regional economic development strategy, one that helps reduce social vulnerability without increasing environmental risks. The paper uses the institutional analysis and design (IAD) framework, which looks at how actors are involved in repetitive situations affected by a biophysical world, a cultural world and a set of rules, in order to understand how different institutional structures can accommodate the power of both internal and exogenous forces that shape the trajectory of sustainable innovation. After a general overview of stakeholders and policy instruments in the biodiesel programme, the paper provides a brief institutional analysis of the interaction between actors and processes, with a view to offering insights into the current effectiveness of the programme as a sustainable rural development tool. (...)Productive Inclusion of Smallholder Farmers in Brazil?s Biodiesel Value Chain: Programme Design, Institutional Incentives and Stakeholder Constraints

    Impactos da política americana de estímulo aos biocombustíveis sobre a produção agropecuåria e o uso da terra

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    O presente estudo estima os impactos do crescimento da demanda de etanol no Brasil e nos EUA sobre a produção agrĂ­cola e o uso da terra. Utiliza-se um modelo econĂŽmico global capaz de representar os mercados agropecuĂĄrios e de energia, as relaçÔes comerciais entre os paĂ­ses, a produção e demanda de etanol no Brasil e nos EUA e mudanças no uso da terra. Aumentos na demanda de etanol no Brasil e nos EUA sĂŁo simulados de forma a refletir a polĂ­tica norte-americana e projeçÔes da demanda brasileira para a prĂłxima dĂ©cada. Os resultados sugerem que o Brasil deve ter uma especialização na produção de cana-de-açĂșcar e etanol em detrimento de outros produtos agropecuĂĄrios. A ĂĄrea cultivada com cana-de-açĂșcar aumentaria de 5 milhĂ”es para 15 a 20 milhĂ”es de hectares em 2020, substitutindo ĂĄreas de pastagens, de outras culturas e de silvicultura. Cerca de 2,5 milhĂ”es de hectares de Cerrado seriam convertidos para agricultura, enquanto a floresta tropical teria impactos considerĂĄveis apenas se as barreiras comerciais Ă s importaçÔes de etanol nos EUA fossem reduzidas.This paper assesses the impacts of the increase in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the United States on the agricultural production and land use. A global economic model representing agricultural and energy markets, trade among countries, ethanol supply and the demand in Brazil and in the US and changes in the land use is used. We simulate increases in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the US to reflect the US policy and forecasts about the Brazilian demand for the upcoming decade. Results suggest a specialization in sugarcane and ethanol production in Brazil and decreases in other agricultural commodities. The area cultivated with sugarcane would move up from 5 million to 15 to 20 million hectares in 2020, replacing areas of pasture, other crops and forest. The Cerrado region in Brazil would lose 2.5 million hectares to agriculture, while tropical forests would only be considerably affected if the US trade barriers on ethanol imports were reduced

    Projeto SENSOR: polĂ­ticas pĂșblicas relacionadas a expansĂŁo da Cana-de-açĂșcar para a produção de biocombustĂ­veis.

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    Agroenergia no Brasil : fragilidades, riscos e desafios para o desenvolvimento sustentĂĄvel

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    Este artigo aborda o desenvolvimento da agroenergia no Brasil. O foco central Ă© o papel das polĂ­ticas pĂșblicas na promoção da sustentabilidade no meio rural nas regiĂ”es Nordeste (bioma Caatinga) e Centro-Oeste (bioma Cerrado). O objetivo Ă© destacar interaçÔes entre os fatores determinantes do desenvolvimento das polĂ­ticas e a sua relação com as diretrizes e metas do Programa Nacional de Produção e uso de Biodiesel e do Plano Nacional de Agroenergia. As fragilidades destacadas se referem Ă  baixa inserção socioeconĂŽmica na etapa agrĂ­cola, frente Ă  dinĂąmica do mercado e Ă s contradiçÔes entre oportunidades e desafios da agroenergia, no contexto da relação campo-cidade e agricultura-indĂșstria.This article discusses the agroenergy development in Brazil. The central focus is the public policies role in promoting sustainability in the rural areas in the Northeast (Caatinga biome) and Midwest (Cerrado biome). The aim is to highlight interactions between the policy development drivers and its relationship with the directives and goals of the Brazilian Biodiesel Program and the National Agroenergy Planning. The weaknesses found in the policies relate to low socioeconomic integration in the agricultural stage, in a dynamic market and the contradictions between the opportunities and challenges of agroenergy in the context of rural-urban and agriculture-industry relationship

    Pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação em pinhão-manso para produção de biocombustíveis.

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    Características e potencial da cultura para o mercado de biodiesel; Lacunas de conhecimento e desafios para pesquisa; Situação atual e perspectivas de pesquisa; Banco de germoplasma (BAG-Jatropha) e caracterização de pinhão-manso; Descritores botùnicos para pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.); Registro de cultivares e melhoramento de pinhão manso; Possibilidades de parceria, cooperação técnica e financeira; Apropriação de resultados.bitstream/item/17976/1/DOC01.pd

    Cultivo de microalgas do género Botryococcus visando a produção de biodiesel

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    Tese de mestrado em Biologia (Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia), apresentada Ă  Universidade de Lisboa, atravĂ©s da Faculdade de CiĂȘncias, 2009O mundo encontra-se presentemente confrontado com dupla crise, a escassez das limitadas fontes de combustĂ­veis fĂłsseis e a degradação ambiental. Enquanto a economia mundial demanda cada vez mais por combustĂ­veis a baixo custo para os sistemas industriais e de transportes, existe uma tremenda necessidade de combater as causas e os jĂĄ existentes efeitos das alteraçÔes climĂĄticas por estes causados. Todavia, quando parecia imprescindĂ­vel o desenvolvimento de combustĂ­veis renovĂĄveis neutras em emissĂ”es nocivas, tornou-se claro que a primeira geração de biocombustĂ­veis nĂŁo atinge os limites da demanda e tampouco contribui para a mitigação das alteraçÔes climĂĄticas. DaĂ­ o interesse no desenvolvimento de uma segunda geração de biocombustĂ­veis produzidos de fontes nĂŁo alimentares, tais como as microalgas, as quais apresentam grandes perspectivas a longo prazo. Ao contrĂĄrio das plantas terrestres, as microalgas crescem extremamente rĂĄpido em qualquer lado e algumas espĂ©cies sĂŁo ricas em Ăłleo, potencial que representa uma grande vantagem. A microalga verde Botryococcus braunii, com vasta distribuição por todos os continentes, Ă© caracterizada pela sua organização colonial e pela sua espantosa habilidade de produzir lĂ­pidos e hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa que podem atingir de 15% a 75% do peso seco o que tem atraĂ­do cada vez maior atenção nas Ășltimas duas dĂ©cadas no sentido de exploração desta espĂ©cie visando a produção de biodiesel. Esta tese foi desenvolvida no sentido de investigar a potencialidade do uso de estirpes locais (portuguesas) desta espĂ©cie como substrato para o biodiesel. Pelos resultados obtidos nas experiĂȘncias realizadas, a taxa mĂĄxima de crescimento conseguida durante a fase exponencial foi de 61 mg/L*dia (peso seco). Constatou-se que crescimento e a produção lipĂ­dica das estirpes cultivadas sĂŁo influenciados pelas condiçÔes de cultura daĂ­ a necessidade de optimizĂĄ-las. Todavia, estas estirpes mostram-se capazes de crescer, produzir Ăłleos e absorver nutrientes em culturas em ĂĄguas residuais. A percentagem mĂĄxima obtida para o extracto lipĂ­dico foi de 36% da biomassa seca o que estĂĄ de acordo com vĂĄrios resultados que permitiram considerar esta espĂ©cie como potencial substrato para o biodiesel. Este facto Ă© tambĂ©m apoiado pela predominĂąncia do ĂĄcido oleico (C18:1, 42% a 66%) e do ĂĄcido palmĂ­tico (C16:0, 8% a 18%) no extracto lipĂ­dico dado que os metil Ă©steres desses ĂĄcidos gordos (FAME) sĂŁo os ideais para a produção de biodiesel. Em suma, apesar de estas estirpes de B. braunii apresentarem crescimento relativamente lento, produzem conteĂșdo e constituição lipĂ­dica considerĂĄvel que no mĂ­nimo justifica mais investimento num melhor estudo da sua biologia.The world is presently confronted with twin crises, depletion of the finite reserves of fossil fuel and environmental degradation. While the global economy increasingly demands for low-cost fuels for industrial and transportation systems, there is a tremendous need to combat the causes and effects of existing climate change caused by them. However, when it seemed essential to develop renewable fuels neutral in harmful emissions, it became clear that the first generation of biofuels does not reach the limits of demand, nor contribute to the climate change mitigation. Hence the interest in developing a second generation biofuels produced from non-food feedstocks such as microalgae, which potentially offer greatest opportunities in the longer term. Unlike other oil crops, microalgae grow extremely rapidly in any anywhere and many are exceedingly rich in oil, potential that represents a great advantage. The green microalga Botryococcus braunii (Chlorophyceae), which is widely distributed on all continents, is characterized by an original organization of colonies and an unusual capacity to produce unsaturated long-chain hydrocarbons, reaching contents ranging from 15% to 75% of its dry weight. This characteristic has attracted increasingly more attention in the last two decades in attempts to exploit this species for renewable biodiesel. This thesis was developed to investigate the potential of the local strains of this species as a substrate for biodiesel. From the results obtained in experiments carried out the maximum growth rate achieved was 61 mg/L*day (dry weight). We found that growth and lipid production of cultivated strains are influenced by culture conditions hence the need to optimize them. However, these strains appear to be able to grow, produce oil and absorb nutrients in wastewater cultures. The maximum lipid extract obtained was 36% of dry matter which is in agreement with several results that allow considering this species as a potential substrate for biodiesel. This is also supported by the predominance of oleic acid (C18:1, 42% to 63%) and palmitic acid (C16:0, 8 to 18%) in the lipid extract as the methyl esters of these fatty acids (FAME) are ideal for the production of biodiesel. In short, although these strains of B. braunii present relatively slow growth, they produce considerable lipid content that at least warrants further investment in a better study of its biology
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