Market Allocation Between Bilateral Contracts and Spot Market without Financial Transmission Rights

In the electricity market, it is very important for Generation Companies (Gencos) to decide how to sell energy among different transaction markets in order to maximize profits with relatively low risk. In this paper, two energy transaction markets are considered: spot markets and bilateral contract markets. An energy selling allocation approach with network congestion consideration is established based on modern portfolio theory. Analytical solution for the optimal allocation is derived with given bilateral contract prices and statistical characteristics of the spot market prices. The numerical simulation for energy selling allocation is demonstrated based on the actual data of the USA California power market.published_or_final_versio

Bearded Ladies Walking on the Brooklyn Bridge

This article discusses the post-Restatement Second use, misuse, and abuse of the terms bilateral contract and unilateral contract and answers the hypotheticals in the first paragraphs of the article

Pay-as-bid pricing in combined pool / bilateral electricity markets

In the context of combined pool/bilateral operation of electricity markets, this paper compares two pricing strategies; pay-as-bid strategy defines three types of services: bilateral contract generation, transmission loss and congestion management required by the bilateral contracts, and pool demand generation including associated transmission loss and congestio

Bilateral contract prices estimation using a Q-learning based approach

The electricity markets restructuring process encouraged the use of computational tools in order to allow the study of different market mechanisms and the relationships between the participating entities. Automated negotiation plays a crucial role in the decision support for energy transactions due to the constant need for players to engage in bilateral negotiations. This paper proposes a methodology to estimate bilateral contract prices, which is essential to support market players in their decisions, enabling adequate risk management of the negotiation process. The proposed approach uses an adaptation of the Q-Learning reinforcement learning algorithm to choose the best from a set of possible contract prices forecasts that are determined using several methods, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), among others. The learning process assesses the probability of success of each forecasting method, by comparing the expected negotiation price with the historic data contracts of competitor players. The negotiation scenario identified as the most probable scenario that the player will face during the negotiation process is the one that presents the higher expected utility value. This approach allows the supported player to be prepared for the negotiation scenario that is the most likely to represent a reliable approximation of the actual negotiation environment.This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 703689 (project ADAPT) and No 641794 (project DREAM-GO); NetEfficity Project (P2020 − 18015); and UID/EEA/00760/2013 funded by FEDER Funds through COMPETE pro-gram and by National Funds through FCT.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

“Spot, Bilateral and Futures Trading in Electricity Markets. Implications for Stability”

The design of wholesale electricity markets in the transition towards liberalization presents significant differences from country to country. Some spot markets have imposed the concentration of transactions to ensure market liquidity. Other markets are based on bilateral trading. The debate about the optimal trading mechanism mainly concentrates on how to deal with the trade off between the liquidity of the market and the stability of the system. The solution chosen by some market is a mandatory pool with a regulated market for electricity derivatives, that allows to hedge price volatility and to mitigate market power. This paper investigates whether, in the presence of a futures market, spot and bilateral trading can operate together and what are possible outcomes in terms of liquidity of the spot market and stability of the system. The paper extends existing literature on the role of futures market on the behavior of spot market prices, developing a multi-period model in which electricity consumers can choose whether to trade on the spot market or negotiate bilateral contracts. Results suggest that a spot market with futures contracts and a market for bilateral contracts are not necessarily alternative ways to manage stability problems, but may co-exist with positive and synergic outcomes on price behaviors and market power.Derivatives, Electricity, Market power, Hedging

Tradable Green Certificates as a Policy Instrument? A Discussion on the Case of Poland

Quota obligation schemes based on tradable green certificates have become a popular policy instrument to expand power generation from renewable energy sources (RES). Their application, however, can neither be justified as a first-best response to a market failure, nor, in a second-best sense, as an instrument mitigating distortionary effects of the emissions externality, if an emissions trading system exists that fully covers the energy industry. We study how ancillary reasons, in form of overcoming various barriers for RES use and establishing beneficial side-effects, such as industry development, energy security, and abatement of pollutants not covered under the ETS, apply to the scheme recently introduced in Poland. While setting substantial expansion incentives, an advantage for local industry or job-market development or energy security can hardly be seen. With rising power prices for end consumers and awareness that the extra rents from the schemes mostly accrue to foreign investors and renewable and polluting generators, we expect a negative impact on social acceptance for RES and RES deployment support policies.tradable green certificates, environmental policy, Poland, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,