A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China

This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year (or 9.6 EJ/year), in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around 350 Bcm/year (or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year (or 91.9 EJ/year) around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI (energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found

Rénovation complète d'une microcentrale électrique existante: étude de faisabilité

Le domaine viticole de Beudon possède une usine hydroélectrique. Cette dernière pourrait bénéficier d’une importante amélioration de sa capacité de production d’énergie électrique annuelle grâce à une rénovation complète de ses composants. Le but de ce projet était de réaliser une étude de faisabilité tenant compte des aspects techniques et financiers. Dans un premier temps, la collecte de tous les documents disponibles (anciens et récents) a été cruciale pour le bon déroulement du projet. Ensuite, je me suis concentré sur la spécification des paramètres nécessaires aux dimensionnements des turbines hydrauliques (dimensionnement confié à Mhylab), des alternateurs ainsi que de l’ingénierie civile. Après avoir dimensionné toutes les parties principales de l’aménagement hydroélectrique, je suis passé à la projection des coûts totaux d’une rénovation entière de l’usine, avec l’appui des professionnels des branches respectives. Ils ont su me fournir des offres détaillées selon mes besoins et mes dimensionnements

HUBUNGAN ANTARA HIPERTENSI DAN HIPERTROFI VENTRIKEL KIRI PADA PASIEN LANSIA DENGAN ATRIAL FIBRILASI

Latar belakang:Atrial fibrilasi (AF) didefinisikan sebagai irama jantung yang abnormal dengan aktivitas listrik jantung yang cepat dan tidak beraturan. Atrial fibrilasi dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan struktur jantung. Salah satu penyebab kelainan struktur jantung adalah hipertensi lama.Hipertensi yang berkepanjangan dan tidak terkendali dapat mengubah struktur miokard, pembuluh darah dan sistem konduksi jantung. Perubahan-perubahan ini dapat mengakibatkan kelainan, salah satunya hipertrofi ventrikel kiri. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara hipertensi dan hipertrofi ventrikel kiri pada pasien lansia dengan atrial fibrilasi. Metode: Data rekam medis yang dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi yaitu pasien lansia dengan atrial fibrilasi yang menderita hipertensi dan atau hipertrofi ventrikel kiri.Data disajikan secara deskriptif kemudian dianalisis dengan metode Chi Square atau uji FisherExactbila syarat metode Chi Square tidak terpenuhi untuk mengetahui hubungan antara hipertensi dan hipertrofi ventrikel kiri. Hasil:Dari data yang didapatkan pada 105 sampel pada pasien lansia (> 60 tahun) dengan atrial fibrilasi di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang periode 2013 tercatat 67 (63,80%) pasien menderita hipertensi, 36 (34,28%) pasien menderita hipertrofi ventrikel kiri, dan 2 (1,90%) pasien menderita hipertensi dan atau hipertrofi ventrikel kiri. Selanjutnya tidak didapatkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara hipertensi dan hipertrofi ventrikel kiripada pasien lansia dengan atrial fibrilasi (p=0,204). Kesimpulan:Pada penelitian ini didapatkan adanya hubungan yang tidak bermakna antara hipertensi dan hipertrofi ventrikel kiri pada pasien lansia dengan atrial fibrilasidan didapatkan prosentase pada lansia dengan atrial fibrilasi yang menderita hipertensi lebih tinggi dari padahipertrofi ventrikel kiri. Kata kunci:Hipertensi, hipertrofi ventrikel kiri, atrial fibrilasi pada lansia

'Word from the street' : when non-electoral representative claims meet electoral representation in the United Kingdom

Taking the specific case of street protests in the UK – the ‘word from the street’– this article examines recent (re)conceptualizations of political representation, most particularly Saward’s notion of ‘representative claim’. The specific example of nonelectoral claims articulated by protestors and demonstrators in the UK is used to illustrate: the processes of making, constituting, evaluating and accepting claims for and by constituencies and audiences; and the continuing distinctiveness of claims based upon electoral representation. Two basic questions structure the analysis: first, why would the political representative claims of elected representatives trump the nonelectoral claims of mass demonstrators and, second, in what ways does the ‘perceived legitimacy’ of the former differ from the latter

Book Review: The British Press

Book Review of The British Press by Mick Temple. Setting out with a conventional rehearsal of how the press has come to be the way it is, Temple discusses the popularisation of news and information from Gutenberg onwards. Most usefully, Temple highlights the nuances to emerge from the nineteen‐forties, when the press became newly radicalised, saw retreats in sales and a loss of discursive control to broadcasting, and became instrumental in a broader "decline of deference". Other chapters offer clear and accessible accounts of the various approaches to analysing news, the production environment of post‐Wapping, strategies of censorship both formal and informal, and the rise of public relations

The Multiplication on BP

BP is an E_4 ring spectrum. The E_4 structure is unique up to automorphism

Superficieibacter electus gen. nov., sp. nov., an extended-spectrum β-lactamase possessing member of the enterobacteriaceae family, isolated from Intensive Care Unit surfaces

<p>Two Gram-negative bacilli strains, designated BP-1(T) and BP-2, were recovered from two different Intensive Care Unit surfaces during a longitudinal survey in Pakistan. Both strains were unidentified using the bioMerieux VITEK MS IVD v2.3.3 and Bruker BioTyper MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry platforms. To more precisely determine the taxonomic identity of BP-1(T) and BP-2, we employed a biochemical and phylogenomic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain BP-1(T) had the highest identity to Citrobacter farmeri CDC 2991-81(T) (98.63%) Citrobacter amalonaticus CECT 863(T) (98.56%), Citrobacter sedlakii NBRC 105722(T) (97.74%) and Citrobacter rodentium NBRC 105723(T) (97.74%). The biochemical utilization scheme of BP-1(T) using the Analytic Profile Index for Enterobacteriaceae (API20E) indicated its enzymatic functions are unique within the Enterobacteriaceae but most closely resemble Kluyvera spp., Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter koseri/farmeri. Phylogenomic analysis of the shared genes between BP-1(T), BP-2 and type strains from Kluyvera, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Kosakonia, Siccibacter and Shigella indicate that BP-1(T) and BP-2 isolates form a distinct branch from these genera. Average Nucleotide Identity analysis indicates that BP-1(T) and BP-2 are the same species. The biochemical and phylogenomic analysis indicate strains BP-1(T) and BP-2 represent a novel species from a new genus within the Enterobacteriaceae family, for which the name Superficieibacter electus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is BP-1(T) (= ATCC BAA-2937, = NBRC 113412).</p