617 research outputs found
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ. Π Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²-ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π· Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π°Π±Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ. Π§Π°Ρ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ±Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π· ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² Π±ΡΠ»Ρ 20, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½. Π―ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π· ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ.For automated design of optical lens systems, the appropriate software is to be used. To provide a design process, modern algorithms of global optimization can be incorporated into such specialized software. In this paper, a recently published adaptive Cauchy differential evolution method is numerically studied for the purpose of lens design. This method is characterized by an availability of an internal mechanism for adapting two specific parameters (coefficients) of the classical differential evolution method, as well as by applying the Cauchy distribution to generate new values of these parameters. The obtained results confirm that the adaptive Cauchy differential evolution method enables to design an arbitrary optical system with the required functional parameters and an acceptable level of correction of both chromatic and monochromatic aberrations. The performance of a lens design process greatly depends on a structure of the given merit function. The time interval, required to carry out automated design of an optical system with a number of variables about 20, does not exceed a few hours. The image quality of the obtained lenses enables to use them with existing matrix image sensors.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π±Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 20, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
NASA Tech Briefs, July 2007
Topics covered include: Miniature Intelligent Sensor Module; "Smart" Sensor Module; Portable Apparatus for Electrochemical Sensing of Ethylene; Increasing Linear Dynamic Range of a CMOS Image Sensor; Flight Qualified Micro Sun Sensor; Norbornene-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Cells; Making Single-Source Precursors of Ternary Semiconductors; Water-Free Proton-Conducting Membranes for Fuel Cells; Mo/Ti Diffusion Bonding for Making Thermoelectric Devices; Photodetectors on Coronagraph Mask for Pointing Control; High-Energy-Density, Low-Temperature Li/CFx Primary Cells; G4-FETs as Universal and Programmable Logic Gates; Fabrication of Buried Nanochannels From Nanowire Patterns; Diamond Smoothing Tools; Infrared Imaging System for Studying Brain Function; Rarefying Spectra of Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonators; Large-Area Permanent-Magnet ECR Plasma Source; Slot-Antenna/Permanent-Magnet Device for Generating Plasma; Fiber-Optic Strain Gauge With High Resolution And Update Rate; Broadband Achromatic Telecentric Lens; Temperature-Corrected Model of Turbulence in Hot Jet Flows; Enhanced Elliptic Grid Generation; Automated Knowledge Discovery From Simulators; Electro-Optical Modulator Bias Control Using Bipolar Pulses; Generative Representations for Automated Design of Robots; Mars-Approach Navigation Using In Situ Orbiters; Efficient Optimization of Low-Thrust Spacecraft Trajectories; Cylindrical Asymmetrical Capacitors for Use in Outer Space; Protecting Against Faults in JPL Spacecraft; Algorithm Optimally Allocates Actuation of a Spacecraft; and Radar Interferometer for Topographic Mapping of Glaciers and Ice Sheets
NASA Tech Briefs, February 2001
The topics include: 1) Application Briefs; 2) National Design Engineering Show Preview; 3) Marketing Inventions to Increase Income; 4) A Personal-Computer-Based Physiological Training System; 5) Reconfigurable Arrays of Transistors for Evolvable Hardware; 6) Active Tactile Display Device for Reading by a Blind Person; 7) Program Automates Management of IBM VM Computer Systems; 8) System for Monitoring the Environment of a Spacecraft Launch; 9) Measurement of Stresses and Strains in Muscles and Tendons; 10) Optical Measurement of Temperatures in Muscles and Tendons; 11) Small Low-Temperature Thermometer With Nanokelvin Resolution; 12) Heterodyne Interferometer With Phase-Modulated Carrier; 13) Rechargeable Batteries Based on Intercalation in Graphite; 14) Signal Processor for Doppler Measurements in Icing Research; 15) Model Optimizes Drying of Wet Sheets; 16) High-Performance POSS-Modified Polymeric Composites; 17) Model Simulates Semi-Solid Material Processing; 18) Modular Cryogenic Insulation; 19) Passive Venting for Alleviating Helicopter Tail-Boom Loads; 20) Computer Program Predicts Rocket Noise; 21) Process for Polishing Bare Aluminum to High Optical Quality; 22) External Adhesive Pressure-Wall Patch; 23) Java Implementation of Information-Sharing Protocol; 24) Electronic Bulletin Board Publishes Schedules in Real Time; 25) Apparatus Would Extract Water From the Martian Atmosphere; 26) Review of Research on Supercritical vs Subcritical Fluids; 27) Hybrid Regenerative Water-Recycling System; 28) Study of Fusion-Driven Plasma Thruster With Magnetic Nozzle; 29) Liquid/Vapor-Hydrazine Thruster Would Produce Small Impulses; and 30) Thruster Based on Sublimation of Solid Hydrazin
A Field Guide to Genetic Programming
xiv, 233 p. : il. ; 23 cm.Libro ElectrΓ³nicoA Field Guide to Genetic Programming (ISBN 978-1-4092-0073-4) is an introduction to genetic programming (GP). GP is a systematic, domain-independent method for getting computers to solve problems automatically starting from a high-level statement of what needs to be done. Using ideas from natural evolution, GP starts from an ooze of random computer programs, and progressively refines them through processes of mutation and sexual recombination, until solutions emerge. All this without the user having to know or specify the form or structure of solutions in advance. GP has generated a plethora of human-competitive results and applications, including novel scientific discoveries and patentable inventions. The authorsIntroduction --
Representation, initialisation and operators in Tree-based GP --
Getting ready to run genetic programming --
Example genetic programming run --
Alternative initialisations and operators in Tree-based GP --
Modular, grammatical and developmental Tree-based GP --
Linear and graph genetic programming --
Probalistic genetic programming --
Multi-objective genetic programming --
Fast and distributed genetic programming --
GP theory and its applications --
Applications --
Troubleshooting GP --
Conclusions.Contents
xi
1 Introduction
1.1 Genetic Programming in a Nutshell
1.2 Getting Started
1.3 Prerequisites
1.4 Overview of this Field Guide I
Basics
2 Representation, Initialisation and GP
2.1 Representation
2.2 Initialising the Population
2.3 Selection
2.4 Recombination and Mutation Operators in Tree-based
3 Getting Ready to Run Genetic Programming 19
3.1 Step 1: Terminal Set 19
3.2 Step 2: Function Set 20
3.2.1 Closure 21
3.2.2 Sufficiency 23
3.2.3 Evolving Structures other than Programs 23
3.3 Step 3: Fitness Function 24
3.4 Step 4: GP Parameters 26
3.5 Step 5: Termination and solution designation 27
4 Example Genetic Programming Run
4.1 Preparatory Steps 29
4.2 Step-by-Step Sample Run 31
4.2.1 Initialisation 31
4.2.2 Fitness Evaluation Selection, Crossover and Mutation Termination and Solution Designation Advanced Genetic Programming
5 Alternative Initialisations and Operators in
5.1 Constructing the Initial Population
5.1.1 Uniform Initialisation
5.1.2 Initialisation may Affect Bloat
5.1.3 Seeding
5.2 GP Mutation
5.2.1 Is Mutation Necessary?
5.2.2 Mutation Cookbook
5.3 GP Crossover
5.4 Other Techniques 32
5.5 Tree-based GP 39
6 Modular, Grammatical and Developmental Tree-based GP 47
6.1 Evolving Modular and Hierarchical Structures 47
6.1.1 Automatically Defined Functions 48
6.1.2 Program Architecture and Architecture-Altering 50
6.2 Constraining Structures 51
6.2.1 Enforcing Particular Structures 52
6.2.2 Strongly Typed GP 52
6.2.3 Grammar-based Constraints 53
6.2.4 Constraints and Bias 55
6.3 Developmental Genetic Programming 57
6.4 Strongly Typed Autoconstructive GP with PushGP 59
7 Linear and Graph Genetic Programming 61
7.1 Linear Genetic Programming 61
7.1.1 Motivations 61
7.1.2 Linear GP Representations 62
7.1.3 Linear GP Operators 64
7.2 Graph-Based Genetic Programming 65
7.2.1 Parallel Distributed GP (PDGP) 65
7.2.2 PADO 67
7.2.3 Cartesian GP 67
7.2.4 Evolving Parallel Programs using Indirect Encodings 68
8 Probabilistic Genetic Programming
8.1 Estimation of Distribution Algorithms 69
8.2 Pure EDA GP 71
8.3 Mixing Grammars and Probabilities 74
9 Multi-objective Genetic Programming 75
9.1 Combining Multiple Objectives into a Scalar Fitness Function 75
9.2 Keeping the Objectives Separate 76
9.2.1 Multi-objective Bloat and Complexity Control 77
9.2.2 Other Objectives 78
9.2.3 Non-Pareto Criteria 80
9.3 Multiple Objectives via Dynamic and Staged Fitness Functions 80
9.4 Multi-objective Optimisation via Operator Bias 81
10 Fast and Distributed Genetic Programming 83
10.1 Reducing Fitness Evaluations/Increasing their Effectiveness 83
10.2 Reducing Cost of Fitness with Caches 86
10.3 Parallel and Distributed GP are Not Equivalent 88
10.4 Running GP on Parallel Hardware 89
10.4.1 Masterβslave GP 89
10.4.2 GP Running on GPUs 90
10.4.3 GP on FPGAs 92
10.4.4 Sub-machine-code GP 93
10.5 Geographically Distributed GP 93
11 GP Theory and its Applications 97
11.1 Mathematical Models 98
11.2 Search Spaces 99
11.3 Bloat 101
11.3.1 Bloat in Theory 101
11.3.2 Bloat Control in Practice 104
III
Practical Genetic Programming
12 Applications
12.1 Where GP has Done Well
12.2 Curve Fitting, Data Modelling and Symbolic Regression
12.3 Human Competitive Results β the Humies
12.4 Image and Signal Processing
12.5 Financial Trading, Time Series, and Economic Modelling
12.6 Industrial Process Control
12.7 Medicine, Biology and Bioinformatics
12.8 GP to Create Searchers and Solvers β Hyper-heuristics xiii
12.9 Entertainment and Computer Games 127
12.10The Arts 127
12.11Compression 128
13 Troubleshooting GP
13.1 Is there a Bug in the Code?
13.2 Can you Trust your Results?
13.3 There are No Silver Bullets
13.4 Small Changes can have Big Effects
13.5 Big Changes can have No Effect
13.6 Study your Populations
13.7 Encourage Diversity
13.8 Embrace Approximation
13.9 Control Bloat
13.10 Checkpoint Results
13.11 Report Well
13.12 Convince your Customers
14 Conclusions
Tricks of the Trade
A Resources
A.1 Key Books
A.2 Key Journals
A.3 Key International Meetings
A.4 GP Implementations
A.5 On-Line Resources 145
B TinyGP 151
B.1 Overview of TinyGP 151
B.2 Input Data Files for TinyGP 153
B.3 Source Code 154
B.4 Compiling and Running TinyGP 162
Bibliography 167
Inde
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