4 research outputs found
Human fall detection on videos using convolutional neural networks with multiple channels
Orientador: HĆ©lio PedriniDissertaĆ§Ć£o (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaĆ§Ć£oResumo: Baixas taxas de mortalidade infantil, avanƧos na medicina e mudanƧas culturais aumentaram a expectativa de vida nos paĆses desenvolvidos para mais de 60 anos. Alguns paĆses esperam que, atĆ© 2030, 20% da sua populaĆ§Ć£o tenham mais de 65 anos. A qualidade de vida nessa idade avanƧada Ć© altamente determinada pela saĆŗde do indivĆduo, que ditarĆ” se o idoso pode se engajar em atividades importantes para o seu bem estar, independĆŖncia e satisfaĆ§Ć£o pessoal. O envelhecimento Ć© acompanhado por problemas de saĆŗde causados por limitaƧƵes biolĆ³gicas e fraqueza muscular. Esse enfraquecimento facilita a ocorrĆŖncia de quedas, responsĆ”veis pela morte de aproximadamente 646.000 pessoas em todo o mundo e, mesmo quando uma pequena queda ocorre, ela ainda pode fraturar ossos ou danificar tecidos moles, que nĆ£o cicatrizam completamente. LesƵes e danos dessa natureza, por sua vez, podem afetar a autoconfianƧa do indivĆduo, diminuindo sua independĆŖncia. Neste trabalho, propomos um mĆ©todo capaz de detectar quedas humanas em sequĆŖncias de vĆdeo usando redes neurais convolucionais (CNNs) multicanais. NĆ³s desenvolvemos dois mĆ©todos para detecĆ§Ć£o de quedas, o primeiro utilizando uma CNN 2D e o segundo utilizando uma CNN 3D. Nossos mĆ©todos utilizam caracterĆsticas extraĆdas previamente de cada quadro do vĆdeo e as classificam. ApĆ³s a etapa de classificaĆ§Ć£o, uma mĆ”quina de vetores de suporte (SVM) Ć© aplicada para ponderar os canais de entrada e indicar se houve ou nĆ£o uma queda. Experimentamos quatro tipos de caracterĆsticas, a saber: (i) fluxo Ć³ptico, (ii) ritmo visual, (iii) estimativa de pose e (iv) mapa de saliĆŖncia. As bases de dados utilizadas (URFD e FDD) estĆ£o disponĆveis publicamente e nossos resultados sĆ£o comparados com os da literatura. As mĆ©tricas selecionadas para avaliaĆ§Ć£o sĆ£o acurĆ”cia balanceada, acurĆ”cia, sensibilidade e especificidade. Nossos mĆ©todos apresentaram resultados competitivos com os obtidos pelo estado da arte na base de dados URFD e superam os obtidos na base de dados FDD. Ao conhecimento dos autores, nĆ³s somos os primeiros a realizar testes cruzados entre os conjuntos de dados em questĆ£o, e a reportar resultados de acurĆ”cia balanceada. Os mĆ©todos propostos sĆ£o capazes de detectar quedas nas bases selecionadas. A detecĆ§Ć£o de quedas, bem como a classificaĆ§Ć£o de atividades em vĆdeos, estĆ” fortemente relacionada Ć capacidade da rede de interpretar informaƧƵes temporais e, como esperado, o fluxo Ć³ptico Ć© a caracterĆstica mais relevante para a detecĆ§Ć£o de quedasAbstract: Lower child mortality rates, advances in medicine, and cultural changes have increased life expectancy in developed countries over 60 years old. Some countries expect that, by 2030, 20% of their population will be over 65 years old. The quality of life at this advanced age is highly dictated by the individual's health, which will determine whether the elderly can engage in important activities to their well-being, independence, and personal satisfaction. Old age is accompanied by health problems caused by biological limitations and muscle weakness. This weakening facilitates the occurrence of falls, which are responsible for the deaths of approximately 646,000 people worldwide and, even when a minor fall occurs, it can still cause fractures, break bones or damage soft tissues, which will not heal completely. Injuries and damages of this nature, in turn, will consume the self-confidence of the individual, diminishing their independence. In this work, we propose a method capable of detecting human falls in video sequences using multichannel convolutional neural networks (CNN). We developed two methods for fall detection, the first using a 2D CNN and the second using a 3D CNN. Our method uses features previously extracted from each frame and classifies them with a CNN. After the classification step, a support vector machine (SVM) is applied to weight the input channels and indicate whether or not there was a fall. We experiment with four types of features, namely: (i) optical flow, (ii) visual rhythm, (iii) pose estimation, and (iv) saliency map. The benchmarks used (URFD and FDD) are publicly available and our results are compared to those in the literature. The metrics selected for evaluation are balanced accuracy, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Our results are competitive with those obtained by the state of the art on the URFD data set and surpass those on the FDD data set. To the authors' knowledge, we are the first to perform cross-tests between the datasets in question and to report results for the balanced accuracy metric. The proposed method is able to detect falls in the selected benchmarks. Fall detection, as well as activity classification in videos, is strongly related to the network's ability to interpret temporal information and, as expected, optical flow is the most relevant feature for detecting fallsMestradoCiĆŖncia da ComputaĆ§Ć£oMestre em CiĆŖncia da ComputaĆ§Ć£
DetecciĆ³n de caĆdas mediante vĆdeo-monitorizaciĆ³n
En este Proyecto Fin de Carrera se estudia desarrollar un sistema de detecciĆ³n de caĆdas mediante video-monitorizaciĆ³n, destinado principalmente a su implementaciĆ³n en entornos domĆ©sticos para favorecer la vida independiente de las personas mayores. Teniendo en cuenta que las caĆdas son uno de los principales problemas de la poblaciĆ³n anciana, nos encontramos dentro un campo con un gran potencial todavĆa en desarrollo.
En primer lugar se realiza un exhaustivo estudio del arte tanto de los mĆ©todos existentes dentro de la detecciĆ³n de caĆdas en general, asĆ como de los algoritmos exclusivos del anĆ”lisis de vĆdeo. Una vez detalladas las tĆ©cnicas, se elige aquella que mejor se adapta a las necesidades de nuestro proyecto y ofrece unos resultados razonables en la detecciĆ³n de caĆdas.
A continuaciĆ³n, se ha implementado un algoritmo que caracteriza la tĆ©cnica elegida. El algoritmo es evaluado mediante un conjunto vĆdeos de distintas caracterĆsticas y varios enfoques que nos permiten establecer conclusiones.
Finalmente, se han enumerado las futuras lĆneas de trabajo para corregir los problemas existentes en la implementaciĆ³n y crear un algoritmo mĆ”s robusto y eficiente.This Master Thesis Project consists on studying the development of a fall detection video-based system, primarily intended for implementation in home environments to promote independent living for the elderly. Due that falls are one of the main problems of the elderly population, we are in a field with great potential still developing.
In the first place, we conducted a comprehensive study of the art of existing methods in the detection of falls in general, as well as exclusive video analysis algorithms. Once detailed the techniques, we chose the one that best fits the needs of our project and provides reasonable results in the detection of falls.
Then, we have implemented an algorithm that characterizes the technique chosen. The algorithm is evaluated by a different set of video with different features and various approaches that allow us to draw conclusions.
Finally, we have listed the future works to correct the problems in the implementation and create a more robust and efficient algorithm
Implantation dāun systeĢme de videĢosurveillance intelligente pour deĢtecter les chutes en milieu de vie
Introduction. Le vieillissement de la population est associeĢ aĢ un risque accru de chute menacĢ§ant le maintien des aiĢneĢs aĢ domicile et dans la communauteĢ. Les nombreuses conseĢquences neĢfastes des chutes sur la santeĢ de lāaiĢneĢ (ex : blessures) et sur son indeĢpendance sont reĢduites lorsque la prise en charge postchute est rapide. Or les proches-aidants intervenant aupreĢs des aiĢneĢs en cas de chute ne sont pas assez nombreux et sont souvent conduits aĢ lāeĢpuisement en raison du fardeau lieĢ aux soins apporteĢs aĢ lāaiĢneĢ (Ducharme, 2006; Wolff et al., 2017; World Health Organization, 2015). LāeĢlaboration dāalternatives pour deĢtecter et alerter lors de chutes devient incontournable pour faciliter le maintien aĢ domicile et dans la communauteĢ en seĢcuriteĢ et pour maintenir une qualiteĢ de vie (van Hoof, Kort, Rutten, & Duijnstee, 2011).
De nombreuses technologies de deĢtection des chutes ont eĢteĢ deĢveloppeĢes. Cependant elles ont des limites (ex : lāenregistrement de donneĢes personnelles) que le systeĢme de videĢosurveillance intelligente (VSI) deĢveloppeĢ par notre eĢquipe tente de compenser. La VSI est composeĢe dāune cameĢra relieĢe aĢ un ordinateur, lui-meĢme relieĢ aĢ Internet. BaseĢe sur une analyse informatiseĢe de lāimage, la VSI deĢtecte automatiquement la chute et envoie une alerte au reĢpondant choisi (ex : le proche-aidant) sur son cellulaire, son ordinateur ou sa tablette. Elle preĢserve la vie priveĢe par son fonctionnement en circuit fermeĢ : en absence de chute, les images sont deĢtruites; lors dāune chute, une image de la chute est transmise au reĢpondant, cette image peut eĢtre brouilleĢe aĢ la demande de lāaiĢneĢ. Si lāaiĢneĢ lāautorise, il est possible dāenregistrer les 30 secondes preĢceĢdant la chute pour documenter ses causes. Les travaux anteĢrieurs montrent que la VSI a le potentiel de reĢpondre aux besoins des usagers (Lapierre et al., 2016, 2015; Londei et al., 2009; Rougier, St-Arnaud, Rousseau, & Meunier, 2011). Cependant, il importe de valider sa technologie et dāexplorer la perception des usagers dans des conditions eĢcologiques (aĢ domicile aupreĢs dāaiĢneĢs chuteurs) (Atoyebi, Stewart, & Sampson, 2015).
But de lāeĢtude. BaseĢ sur le ModeĢle de compeĢtence expliquant les relations personne- environnement (Rousseau, 2017), cette theĢse a pour but dāexplorer la faisabiliteĢ de lāimplantation de la VSI pour deĢtecter les chutes aĢ domicile afin dāameĢliorer la qualiteĢ de vie de lāaiĢneĢ et diminuer le fardeau du proche-aidant.
MeĢthodologie. La theĢse suit un devis de recherche de deĢveloppement (Contandriopoulos, Champagne, Potvin, Denis, & Boyle, 2005) en quatre eĢtapes.
LāeĢtape 1 consistait en deux revues de la porteĢe (Daudt, Van Mossel, & Scott, 2013) traitant respectivement des technologies de deĢtection des chutes et des technologies de gestion de lāerrance. Plusieurs banques de donneĢes ont eĢteĢ exploreĢes (ex: CINHAL, Medline, Embase). Chaque eĢtape de seĢlection des eĢtudes, puis dāextraction et dāanalyse des donneĢes a eĢteĢ reĢaliseĢe indeĢpendamment par deux co-auteurs. Leurs reĢsultats ont eĢteĢ compareĢs et les deĢsaccords ont eĢteĢ reĢsolus par consensus ou par lāintervention dāun tiers. Les donneĢes extraites ont eĢteĢ analyseĢes de facĢ§on descriptive (Fortin & Gagnon, 2015).
LāeĢtape 2 eĢtait une eĢtude de cas multiples (Yin, 2014) aupreĢs de six aiĢneĢes chuteuses vivant seules, concernant lāimplantation aĢ domicile dāune version preĢalable aĢ la VSI, la videĢosurveillance programmable (VSP). La VSP a eĢteĢ installeĢe durant sept nuits chez les participantes pour observer leurs deĢplacements lors des leveĢs la nuit pour aller aĢ la toilette. Des entrevues semi-structureĢes ont eĢteĢ reĢaliseĢes avant puis apreĢs lāexpeĢrimentation. Les donneĢes ont eĢteĢ analyseĢes qualitativement (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014; Yin, 2014).
LāeĢtape 3 eĢtait une preuve de concept en deux phases : 1) une eĢtude de simulation en appartement-laboratoire (Contandriopoulos, Champagne, Potvin, Denis, & Boyle, 2005) et 2) un preĢ-test au domicile de jeunes adultes. La phase 1 impliquait la simulation de scenarios de la vie quotidienne et de scenarios de chutes afin dāestimer la sensibiliteĢ, la speĢcificiteĢ, le taux dāerreur et la preĢcision de la VSI. Le preĢ-test consistait en lāimplantation de la VSI aĢ domicile pendant 28 jours afin dāanticiper les difficulteĢs technologiques lieĢes aĢ une implantation prolongeĢe. Pour les deux phases, un journal de bord a eĢteĢ compleĢteĢ afin de documenter le fonctionnement de la VSI puis les donneĢes ont eĢteĢ analyseĢes descriptivement.
LāeĢtape 4 eĢtait une eĢtude de cas multiples (Yin, 2014) aupreĢs de trois dyades aiĢneĢs/proches-aidants. Les aiĢneĢs inclus, preĢsentant un risque de chute eĢleveĢ, vivaient seuls aĢ domicile. La VSI eĢtait implanteĢe pour deux mois, avec le proche-aidant comme destinataire des alertes. Une entrevue semi-structureĢe eĢtait reĢaliseĢe, avant, aĢ mi-parcours et apreĢs lāexpeĢrimentation. Les donneĢes ont eĢteĢ analyseĢes qualitativement (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014; Yin, 2014).
ReĢsultats. Les reĢsultats ont abouti aĢ lāadaptation de la VSI pour explorer la faisabiliteĢ de son implantation aĢ domicile afin de deĢtecter les chutes graves. LāeĢtape 1 a souligneĢ les lacunes dans la litteĢrature, dont certaines ont eĢteĢ combleĢes par le projet de theĢse (ex : manque dāeĢtude explorant lāimplantation de systeĢmes ambiants dans des domiciles varieĢs). Cette eĢtape a aussi permis dāidentifier les facĢ§ons de bonifier la VSI et sa proceĢdure dāimplantation. LāeĢtape 2 a mis en eĢvidence des facteurs pouvant faciliter ou freiner lāimplantation de systeĢmes de cameĢras aĢ domicile. LāeĢtape 3 a permis de valider la technologie de la VSI dans un environnement similaire aĢ celui de lāaiĢneĢ et de reĢsoudre les probleĢmes techniques lieĢs aĢ lāimplantation prolongeĢe du systeĢme. Enfin, lāeĢtape 4 a permis dāexplorer la faisabiliteĢ de lāimplantation de la VSI au domicile dāaiĢneĢs chuteurs pendant une peĢriode de deux mois.
Discussion. Cette recherche de deĢveloppement a permis dāadapter la VSI pour son implantation graĢce aĢ plusieurs eĢtapes de recherche (des revues de la porteĢe, une preuve de concept, eĢtude de cas multiple) puis de montrer la faisabiliteĢ de son implantation. Les reĢsultats ont abouti aĢ lāidentification de facteurs influencĢ§ant lāimplantation de la VSI aĢ domicile et ont permis dāeĢmettre des recommandations aĢ cet eĢgard. Cette recherche est originale notamment sur trois aspects: 1) lāimplication dāune eĢquipe multidisciplinaire, 2) une conception technologique centreĢe sur lāusager, 3) lāimplantation aĢ domicile de la technologie. MeĢme si des deĢfis persistent quant aĢ son implantation aĢ domicile (ex. reĢduire lāeĢcart de performance du systeĢme entre lāappartement-laboratoire et le domicile), cette eĢtude encourage la poursuite du deĢveloppement de la VSI.
Conclusion. Cette theĢse visait aĢ reĢpondre aĢ la probleĢmatique des chutes des aiĢneĢs aĢ domicile graĢce aĢ lāimplantation dāun systeĢme de videĢosurveillance intelligente pour alerter automatiquement le proche-aidant. Les reĢsultats de cette recherche de deĢveloppement, soulignent que la VSI serait une avenue prometteuse pour deĢtecter les chutes graves, alerter le proche et documenter la cause des chutes. Les futures recherches sur lāimplantation de technologies similaires devraient impliquer des devis de recherche quantitatifs, avec notamment des profils plus varieĢs de proches-aidants et une implantation plus longue pour deĢmontrer les effets de la VSI. La VSI pourrait ensuite devenir accessible aux aiĢneĢs afin de ļæ¼ļæ¼soutenir leur maintien aĢ domicile et dans la communauteĢ et soulager le fardeau des proches- aidants.Introduction. Aging is associated with an increased risk of fall, which threatens Aging in Place. The numerous and serious consequences of falls on the older adultās health and independence are reduced with a quick intervention. Yet the informal caregivers, who often intervene in case of a fall are not numerous enough and are often worn out because of the burden related to the care provided for the older adult (Ducharme, 2006; Wolff et al., 2017; World Health Organization, 2015). The development of alternatives to detect and alert in case of a fall becomes essential to facilitate Aging in Place in safety and to maintain a quality of life (van Hoof, Kort, Rutten, & Duijnstee, 2011).
Many fall detection systems have been developed. However, they have limits (eg. the recording of personal data), that the intelligent videomonitoring system (IVS) tries to compensate. The IVS is composed of one camera linked to a computer and to the Internet. Based on the computerized analysis of the images, the IVS automatically detects falls and sends an alert to the chosen recipient (eg. the informal caregiver) on his smartphone, computer or tablet. The IVS preserves privacy with its closed circuit functioning: without a fall, the images are destroyed; in case of a fall, an image of the fall can be sent to the recipient. This image can be blurred at the request of the older adult. The 30 seconds before the fall can be recorded to document its causes, if the older adult authorizes it. Previous studies on the IVS show that the IVS has the potential to answer the usersā needs (Lapierre et al., 2016, 2015; Londei et al., 2009; Rougier, St-Arnaud, Rousseau, & Meunier, 2011). However, it is important to validate its technology and explore usersā perception in ecological conditions (at home with older adults at risk of fall) (Atoyebi, Stewart, & Sampson, 2015).
Purpose. Based on the Model of Competence explaining the person-environment interactions (Rousseau, 2017), the study aims to explore the feasibility of the IVS implementation to detect falls at home in order to improve the older adultās quality of life and decrease the caregiverās burden.
Methodology. The thesis follows a development research design (Contandriopoulos, Champagne, Potvin, Denis, & Boyle, 2005) in four steps.
Step 1 was two scoping reviews (Daudt, Van Mossel, & Scott, 2013) on fall detection technology and on wandering management technology respectively. Many databases have been searched (eg. CINHAL, Medline, Embase). Each step of the study selection, data extraction and analysis have been independently realised by two co-authors. Results were compared and disagreements were solved by consensus or by a third part intervention. Extracted data were descriptively analysed (Fortin & Gagnon, 2015).
Step 2 was a multiple case study (Yin, 2014) with six older adults living alone with a risk of fall, on the implementation of a previous version of the IVS, the programmable videomonitoring system. The programmable videomonitoring system was installed for seven nights at home to observe participants walk when they went to the bathroom at night. Semi- structured interviews were realised before and after the experiment. Data were qualitatively analysed (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014).
Step 3 was a proof of concept in two phases: 1) a simulation study in an apartment- laboratory (Contandriopoulos, Champagne, Potvin, Denis, & Boyle, 2005) and 2) a pre-test at home with young adults. Phase 1 implied a simulation of daily living scenarios and falls scenarios to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, error rate and accuracy of the IVS. The pre- test consisted in the implementation of the IVS at home for 28 days to anticipate the technological difficulties related to extended implementation. For the two phases, a logbook was completed to document the IVS functioning, then data were descriptively analysed.
Step 4 was a multiple case study (Yin, 2014) with three dyads of older adults/caregivers. The included older adults had a high risk of fall and lived alone. The IVS was implemented for a two-month period with the informal caregiver as the alerts recipient. A semi-structured interview was realised before, at mid-term, and after the experiment. Data were qualitatively analysed (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014).
Results. Results encompass the adaptation of the IVS to explore the feasibility of its implementation at home to detect serious falls. Step 1 highlighted the gaps in the literature, some of which were filled by the thesis project (eg. lack of studies exploring the implementation of ambient system in various homes). This step also enabled us to identify ways to improve the IVS and its implementation process. Step 2 highlighted factors facilitating or hindering the implementation of cameras system at home. Step 3 has enabled us to validate the technology in a similar environment to the older adultās home and to solve technical difficulties related to the prolonged implementation. Finally, step 4 enabled us to explore the feasibility of the implementation of the IVS at older adultsā home for a two-month period.
Discussion. This development research enabled us to adapt the IVS for its implementation by means of four research steps (scoping reviews, proof of concept, multiple case study), and then to show the feasibility of its implementation. Results led to the identification of factors influencing the IVS at home and enabled us to make recommendations in this regard. This thesis is original on three aspects: 1) the implication of a multidisciplinary team, 2) a user-based conception, 3) the implementation of the technology at home. Despite the remaining challenges regarding the implementation (eg. the performance discrepancy between the home and the apartment-laboratory), this study encourages the further development of the VSI.
Conclusion. This thesis aimed to address the problematic of falls at home thanks to the implementation of the IVS to automatically alert the informal caregiver. Results from this development research highlight that the IVS may be a promising way to detect serious falls, to alert the caregiver and document the falls causes. Future researches should be involving quantitative designs, more specifically with more various profiles of informal caregivers and a longer period of implementation, to demonstrate the IVS outcomes. The IVS could then become accessible to the older adult to support Aging in place and relieve the caregiverās burden