Chromatographic Fingerprinting And Clustering Of Plantago Major L. From Different Areas In Indonesia

Plantago major L. is a ubiquitous herbaceous plant with many medicinal activities which has been extensively used in Indonesian traditional medicine. This plant grows at wide range of environment, has several subspecies and varieties, but could not be distinguished morphologically. It is important to develop an effective method for identification and quality assurance of P. major, thus the final product has reproducible quality. In this research, a chromatographic fingerprint method was developed for exploring and establishing the variation of chemical substances among different samples of P. major collected from 15 areas in Indonesia. The LC (liquid chromatography) data showed considerable variation of chemicals among P. major samples. Three chemo-types were visually developed from the LC profiles. The hierarchical clustering analysis also concluded that the samples were divided into three major clusters. Furthermore, the bio-active marker aucubin in this herb was quantitatively determined by a validated LC analysis. Chemo-type II and III were identified as “compound 1”-rich and aucubin-relatively rich chemo-types. These conclusions provide an important basis to establish good agriculture practice and select geo-authentic crude drug for P. major in Indonesia. The validated method was concluded to be suitable for fingerprint analysis for the quality control of P. majo

Pedicularis L. Genus. Systematics, botany, phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, ethnopharmacology, and other

In this review, the relevance of the plant species belonging to the Pedicularis L. genus has been considered from different points of view. Particular emphasis was given to phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology, since several classes of natural compounds have been reported within this genus and many of its species are well known to be employed in the traditional medicines of many Asian countries. Some important conclusions on the chemotaxonomic and chemosystematic aspects of the genus have also been provided for the first time. Actually, this work represents the first total comprehensive review on this genus

Evaluation of herb pastures for New Zealand dairy systems : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Sciences at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) sown in pure swards or both herbs sown with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (T. repens L.) are able to produce large amounts of high-quality forage in summer and autumn, when production and quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) are often limited. There have been many cases of poor persistence of chicory with current management practices, but there is limited information for plantain and the herb-clover mix pastures when grazed in dairy systems. Additionally, the presence of bioactive compounds in plantain has created interest in their potential effect on rumen fermentation. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of grazing frequency, two and four weeks, on the agronomic characteristics and diet selection of chicory, plantain, and herb-clover mix pastures, with dairy cows during two growing seasons (2011-2012; 2012-2013) and to examine the effect of the bioactive compounds in plantain on in vitro rumen fermentation. Chicory plants grazed every two weeks, rather than every four weeks, did not develop large taproots, and consequently stored less carbohydrate reserves (fructan and fructose) and failed to develop extra shoots. Chicory grazed every two weeks failed to persist, while chicory grazed every four weeks persisted only for the two growing seasons. For plantain the grazing frequency did not affect its plant density nor taproot diameter; however, the number of shoots per plant increased when grazed every two weeks compared to every four weeks. Overall, plantain and herb-clover mix pastures were more productive and persistent than chicory. The three pastures produced high-quality feed for dairy cows. Dairy cows preferred the herb-clover mix pasture, rather than pure chicory or plantain swards, and selected indiscriminately between chicory, plantain, and red clover. The diet selection for chicory and plantain varied between seasons and was affected by the vertical access and horizontal distribution of the species in the swards. The presence of bioactive compounds, aucubin and acteoside in plantain reduced the ammonia concentration during fermentation and probably causes less urea to be excreted in the cow‘s urine when grazing plantain. In conclusion, the herb-clover mix performed best due to its high herbage production and nutritive value and greater grazing preference by dairy cows, plus its potential to reduce the nitrogen lost from dairy systems

DETERMINATION, ISOLATION, AND IDENTIFICATION OF AUCUBIN AND VERBASCOSIDE IN THE LEAVES OF IRAQI PLANTAGO LANCOLETA L. USING DIFFERENT DETECTING METHODS

Objective: Plantago lanceoleta L. (ribwort plantain) is one of the important medicinal herbs which is widespread fortune available in Iraq, that have a wide range of medicinal properties. The aim of this work was to determine, isolate and identify verbascoside and aucubin in Iraqi P. lanceoleta L. by using different chromatographic and spectrometric methods. Methods: Verbascoside and aucubin were isolated and quantified by preparative TLC, and then they were determined by the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. Aucubin and catalpol in the plant extract were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); aucubin and verbascoside that isolated from the plant sample were examined by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and LC-MS, respectively. Results: The result showed that the Iraqi P. lanceoleta L. contains 1.74 percent (verbascoside) and 0.24 percent (aucubin) of dry powdered leaves. Each TLC-isolated compound showed a single spot on the HPTLC plate, which give an idea about the purity of the isolated compound. Aucubin (with catalpol) and verbascoside both are detected by LC-MS in different ionization mode. Many functional groups were identified in the TLC-isolated aucubin by FT-IR. Conclusion: The Iraqi P. lanceoleta L. showed a high content of verbasoside, and it is a very rich source for this compound, which can be easily isolated by TLC and subjected to many pharmacological studies. The extract of the young leaves of this plant gave a little amount of aucubin, and it is easy to obtain a higher content from the older leaves

Inhibitory Potencies of Several Iridoids on Cyclooxygenase-1, Cyclooxygnase-2 Enzymes Activities, Tumor Necrosis factor-α and Nitric Oxide Production In Vitro

To verify the anti-inflammatory potency of iridoids, seven iridoid glucosides (aucubin, catalpol, gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, geniposide, geniposidic acid and loganin) and an iridoid aglycone (genipin) were investigated with in vitro testing model systems based on inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/-2 enzymes, the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) formation and nitric oxide (NO) production. The hydrolyzed-iridoid products (H-iridoid) with β-gludosidase treatment only showed inhibitory activities, and revealed different potencies, depending on their chemical structures. Without the β-gludosidase treatment, no single iridoid glycoside exhibited any activities. The aglycone form (genipin) also did not show inhibitory activities. To compare anti-inflammatory potency, the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in each testing system were measured. The hydrolyzed-aucubin product (H-aucubin) with β-gludosidase treatment showed a moderate inhibition on COX-2 with IC50 of 8.83 μM, but much less inhibition (IC50, 68.9 μM) on COX-1 was noted. Of the other H-iridoid products, the H-loganin and the H-geniposide exhibited higher inhibitory effects on COX-1, revealing IC50 values of 3.55 and 5.37 μM, respectively. In the case of TNF-α assay, four H-iridoid products: H-aucubin, H-catalpol, H-geniposide and H-loganin suppressed the TNF-α formation with IC50 values of 11.2, 33.3, 58.2 and 154.6 μM, respectively. But other H-iridoid products manifested no significant activity. Additional experiments on NO production were conducted. We observed that only the H-aucubin exhibited a significant suppression with IC50 value of 14.1 μM. Genipin, an agycone form, showed no inhibitory effects on all testing models, implying the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond of iridoid glycoside is a pre-requisite step to produce various biological activities

Wound Healing Activity of Aucubin on Hyperglicemic Rat

Objective: Impaired wound healing in diabetic patients is a serious complication that can lead to amputation and even death. Proper diabetic wound management is needed to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients. Plantago major (plantain) has been used empirically for wound healing. One of its chemical compounds, aucubin, has been studied on non hyperglicemic wound. This study was conducted to determine the wound healing activity of aucubin on hyperglycemic rats, as a model for diabetic wound. Methods: A total of 24 hyperglicemic male rats (Wistar) were divided into 4 groups (G1-G4), and subsequently treated with gel of aucubin 0.04% and 0.08%, gel base, and bioplacenton®, respectively. Drugs were applied topically on animals’ wounds created on the dorsal part (length of 2 cm, a depth of 5 mm), once a day during 21 days. Wound healing activity was evaluated based on the percentage of wound closure and wound healing time. Results: The results showed that the gel of aucubin at the concentration of 0.04% and 0.08% were able to increase the percentage of wound closure (100%) compare to the negative control (83%). Moreover, gel of aucubin accelerated wound healing time (11.7 days) compared to the negative control (24.4 days). Conclusion: Aucubin can be used as a drug candidate for diabetic wound healing

Lipid nanoparticles loaded with iridoid glycosides: development and optimization using experimental factorial design

Lipid nanoparticles based on multiple emulsion (W/O/W) systems are suitable for incorporating hydrophilic active substances, including iridoid glycosides. This study involved optimization of composition of lipid nanoparticles, incorporation of active compounds (aucubin and catalpol), evaluation of stability of the resulting nanocarriers, and characterization of their lipid matrix. Based on 32 factorial design, an optimized dispersion of lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid:surfactant4.5:1.0 wt.%) was developed, predisposed for the incorporation of iridoid glycosides by emulsification-sonication method. The encapsulation efficiency of the active substances was determined at nearly 90% (aucubin) and 77% (catalpol). Regarding the stability study, room temperature was found to be the most suitable for maintaining the expected physicochemical parameter values (particle size |± 30 mV|). Characterization of the lipid matrix confirmed the nanometer size range of the resulting carriers (below 100 nm), as well as the presence of the lipid in the stable form.M.D. wishes to acknowledge the Erasmus+ programme for financial support in the organization of traineeship at the University of Coimbra, Portugal.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Wound Healing Activity of Aucubin on Hyperglycemic Rat

Objective: Impaired wound healing in diabetic patients is a serious complication leading to amputation and even death. Proper diabetic wound management is needed to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients. Plantago major (plantain) has been used empirically for wound healing. One of its chemical compounds, aucubin, has been studied on non hyperglycemic wound. This study was conducted to determine the wound healing activity of aucubin on hyperglycemic rats, as a model for diabetic wound. Methods: A total of 20 hyperglycemic male rats (Wistar) were divided into 4 groups (P1, P2, K1, and K2), and subsequently treated with gel of aucubin 20 μg and 40 μg, bioplacenton®, and gel base, respectively. The fifth group, P3, was normal rats treated with gel of aucubin 40 μg. Drugs were applied topically on animals’ wounds induced on the dorsal part (length of 2 cm, a depth of 5 mm), once daily during 21 days. Wound healing activity was evaluated based on the percentage of wound closure and wound healing time. Results: The results showed that the gel of aucubin at the dose of 20 μg and 40 μg could increase the percentage of wound closure (100%) compare to the negative control (83%). Moreover, gels of aucubin accelerated wound healing time (11.7 days) compared to the negative control (24.4 days). Conclusion: Aucubin can be used as a drug candidate for diabetic wound healing

Plant Community Diversity Influences Allocation to Direct Chemical Defence in Plantago lanceolata

Background: Forecasting the consequences of accelerating rates of changes in biodiversity for ecosystem functioning requires a mechanistic understanding of the relationships between the structure of biological communities and variation in plant functional characteristics. So far, experimental data of how plant species diversity influences the investment of individual plants in direct chemical defences against herbivores and pathogens is lacking. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used Plantago lanceolata as a model species in experimental grasslands differing in species richness and composition (Jena Experiment) to investigate foliar concentrations of the iridoid glycosides (IG), catalpol and its biosynthetic precursor aucubin. Total IG and aucubin concentrations decreased, while catalpol concentrations increased with increasing plant diversity in terms of species or functional group richness. Negative plant diversity effects on total IG and aucubin concentrations correlated with increasing specific leaf area of P. lanceolata, suggesting that greater allocation to light acquisition reduced the investment into these carbon-based defence components. In contrast, increasing leaf nitrogen concentrations best explained increasing concentrations of the biosynthetically more advanced IG, catalpol. Observed levels of leaf damage explained a significant proportion of variation in total IG and aucubin concentrations, but did not account for variance in catalpol concentrations. Conclusions/Significance: Our results clearly show that plants growing in communities of varying species richness an