Association between number and type of tooth loss on Oral Health Related Quality of life in 35-44 year olds in southeastern Iran.

Oral diseases can affect oral health related quality of life (OHRQol). The aim of the present study was to determine the association between the number and type of tooth loss on OHRQol in 35-44 year old individuals. This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on 400, 35-44 year old people who visited Kerman clinics. Data were collected by using demographic and oral health behavior questionnaires, clinical examination (DMFT index) and the OHRQol questionnaire (OHIP-14). Data were analyzed in SPSS18, by t-test, X2 at 5% significance level. In the present study 206 (51.5%) were men, the mean age was 39.22±4.98 years and 52.0% had university education. The mean of DMFT and OHIP-14 scores were 13.3±4.5 and 18.6±8.3 (from 56) respectively. Men had lower OHRQol than women, but the difference was not significant. There was significant relation between educational level, oral health behavior, number and type of tooth loss and the OHRQol score. OHRQol was acceptable in this study and had a significant correlation with number and type of tooth loss. Further studies on other age groups is recommended. Keywords: oral health، quality of life, tooth loss, type of tooth loss, 35-44 years old، southeastern Iran

Cinnamtannin B1: a small compound having antidiabetes properties

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that results from defects in insulin secretion and insulin receptor kinase. Investigation of novel small active molecule that can potentiate insulin action or having a similar action as insulin is important in the treatment of diabetes. World ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants reports almost 800 plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, only a small number of them have been studied thoroughly. Recent study conducted on Cinnamomum reported that it has a great activity in activating insulin receptor kinase and inhibiting insulin receptor phosphatase leading to increased insulin sensitivity and function as a mimetic for insulin. Our study was designed to investigate insulin-mimetic activity of cinnamtannin B1 isolated from Cinnamomum zeylanicum on adipocyte cells. The insulin-mimetic activity of cinnamtannin B1 was evaluated by monitoring preadipocytes differentiation, glucose uptake and phosphorylation of insulin receptor β-subunit in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To determine whether cinnamtannin B1 able to promote differentiation of preadipocytes, we cultured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of cinnamtannin B1, or combination of cinnamtannin B1 and insulin, and then cell proliferation was measured at several points during the course of growth. Investigation of role of cinnamtannin B1 on tyrosine posphorylation of insulin receptor of 3T3-L1 cells was done by immunoprecipitation of cells lysate with anti-insulin receptor β-subunit antibody and the immunocomplex samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocelluose membranes, and immunoblotted with monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. Evaluation of glucose uptake by adipocyte cells after treatment with cinnamtannin B1 was carried out by analyzing of radioactive glucose uptake with liquid scintillation counter. Based on these experiments, it was found that, a mixture cinnamtannin B1 with differentiation cocktail was able to induce differentiation of preadipocytes cells. Cinnamtannin B1 was found to active to stimulate phosphorylation of insulin receptor β-subunit by positively exhibited phosphorylation at 170-kDa. The mixture of cinnamtannin B1 was also able to stimulate glucose uptake from a basal value. The results demonstrated that activity of cinnamtannin B1 on adipocyte cells was found to mimicking insulin action. It acted directly on insulin receptor β-subunit by activation of PI3-kinase that stimulates glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) translocation. Stimulation of GLUT4 translocation therefore stimulates glucose uptake lead to glucose disposal process in adipocytes. Based on the work that has been carried out, it was suggested that cinnamtannin B1 could be one of the Annals of Medicine & Healthcare Research Page 452 potential lead drug compound in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Living with a long-term condition: a grounded theory.

This study explores and explains how people make sense of their long-term, potentially life-threatening, health condition. Thrombophilia offers an example of a little-researched condition which may not affect people significantly on a day-to-day basis, but can lead to acute illness. The second condition under consideration, asthma, was selected due to its similarity in this regard. The literature indicates that information about long-term conditions is acquired from various sources and influenced by experience. Such conditions are frequently perceived as being problematic. However, some are accepted, and affected individuals can achieve wellbeing. The literature does not offer insights into how knowledge may support this process of achieving wellbeing. A constructivist grounded theory approach was adopted, and interviews used to collect data from ten individuals affected by thrombophilia. Constant comparison of the data was carried out. Theoretical sampling suggested the inclusion of six people with a second long-term condition, and the process continued until saturation was reached. Findings indicated a two stage process. Gaining knowledge comprises of phases occurring pre-diagnosis and during diagnosis, and this assists participants in making sense of their condition. Living with a long-term condition consists of the phases making informed decisions, accepting the condition, and living with it. Previous research has not elucidated this entire process or the importance of the pre-diagnosis phase. Based on these findings, a theory is offered. This proposes that individuals diagnosed with a long-term condition create constructs about it based on information and experiences, which are used as the foundation for decisionmaking. Some people are able to accept their condition and its nuances. Those who understand their condition, make informed decisions and accept it are able to live with it. Those who are unable to do so will live alongside their condition and do not integrate it into their lives

The development of an orientation manual for new hemodialysis nurses

Background: End stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence and prevalence in Canada have been steadily increasing. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the prevalence of ESRD is the highest in the country. Over fifty percent of patients started on a treatment modality for ESRD choose hemodialysis. Due to the increasing demand for hemodialysis facilities for the increased patient population diagnosed with ESRD, there is a need for more nursing staff to be trained in nephrology nursing. Purpose: The purpose of this practicum project was to develop a manual for new nurses orientating into the nephrology unit in hemodialysis. Methods: An informal needs assessment, integrated literature review, and consultations and collaborations were conducted. Results: The need for a new manual was substantiated from results gained from the informal needs assessment, integrated literature review, and consultations and collaborations. Using principles of Knowles’ Adult Learning Theory, and Benner’s Novice to Expert Model, a learning resource manual was developed for orientation of new hemodialysis nurses. The manual was divided into seven working modules that covered the important aspects of hemodialysis that a newly orientated nurse would need to know prior to working independently. Conclusion: Implementation and evaluation of the manual will be done prospectively. After final approval by the divisional manager and the clinical educator, the manual will be implemented in the orientation of staff. Evaluation will involve knowledge based questions after each module towards the learners’ feelings towards the usefulness, relevance, and usability of the learning resource manual. Six-months post orientation, this survey will be repeated to determine if the manual met the learners’ needs