Philosophy at the Beginning of the 21st Century

À la dernière moitié du 20 e siècle, la postmodernité a rejeté entièrement la notion de réalité objective et celui de vérité. On doit s'en souvenir que la vérité en dépend de ce qu’il montre et s'il n'y avait aucune réalité objective il n'y avait aucune vérité non plus. Mais aujourd’hui, au commencem ent du 21 e siècle, est survenue une nouvelle vue appelée la post post -modernité qui est un retour subtil à la modernité et qui tende trouver des choses fermes dans la réalité et des certitudes dans la pensée. Ainsi, ce courent reconnaît que notre expérien ce nous enseigne qu'il y a un monde réel qui existe indépendamment de nous, indépendamment de nos expériences, de nos pensées et de notre langue. À ce moment il semble qu'il y a une opportunité de revenir à une position réaliste, qui a du sens tant dans la science que dans la théologie. Elle fournit une vision du monde qui se veut correspondante à la réalité, cohérente en lui -même et capable à répondre systématiquement aux questions de la vie

Time at the Beginning

Age consistency for the Universe today has been an important cosmological test. Even more powerful consistency tests at times as early as 10^{-32} sec lie ahead in the precision era of cosmology. I outline tests based upon cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy, big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), particle dark matter, phase transitions, and inflation. The ultimate cosmic timescale -- the fate of the Universe -- will be in doubt until the mystery of the dark energy is unraveled.Comment: 11 pages LaTeX. To be published in Astrophysical Ages and Time Scales, ASP Conference Series, eds. T. von Hippel, N. Manset, C. Simpson (Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

Industrialization and Urbanization in Turkey at the beginning of the 20th Century

The starting point of this study is the fact that every production system entails a specific spatial organization and changes its physical environment.  This research is an attempt to understand the industrialization period of Turkey’s Early Republican Period (1930’s) and the spatial effects of the new production system. Right after the Turkish War of Independence, The Republican Government of Turkey had aimed to establish an independent country and started to carry out a modernization and contemporization project. This project had different dimensions appealing to the institutional, economical, social and civic aspects of Turkey.  The economical dimension included the industrialization and economical independence of Turkey. Besides its economical, political and social goals, the Republican Government had aimed to change the physical appearance of the country. The Government’s first goal was to turn the country into the space of the National Turkish Republic State from an empire’s land. Secondly, the small towns or settlements of the country we're supposed to become modern cities, the places of modernity, just like the modern cities of the industrial and developed countries of the world.  That explains why the factories which were set up all around the country had played such a crucial role in the modernization period of Turkey at the beginning of the Republican era. They were not only economic achievements of the state; they also affected their physical and social environments and introduced the modern way of living particularly where they were set up