Experimental techniques and numerical models to detect pollutant emission in the transport sector

25th International Conference on Urban Transport and the Environment, Urban Transport 2019; Aveiro; Portugal; 25 June 2019 through 27 June 2019; Code 155807In recent years, the growth of fossil fuel use and greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) has been promoted by the population increase and development of the industry sector. Due to the increasing attention towards the effects of climate changes on quality of life, recent researches on pollutant formation processes have been developed in different sectors, especially in transportation. The last emission standards on pollutants impose limits on the dimensions and on the particle number of the particulate matter emissions, because of the highly dangerous effect on human health. To fight high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) emissions, a wide number of studies are addressed towards the definition of the most important parameters in effective production of particulate matter, especially in spark ignition engines. Physical processes such as mixture formation, engine operating parameters and fuel chemical properties strongly affect the soot formation in gasoline engines. The heat transfer process between the piston hot surface and the fuel gasoline during the post-injection phase is a key aspect of soot emissions for an engine. This paper is devoted to analyzing the fundamental parameters that are responsible for pollutant formation in the transport sector and the actual experimental and numerical techniques used to predict the environmental impact of engines

Large-Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Spray Flame Using the Flamelet Generated Manifold Approach

Abstract In order to meet the increasingly stringent regulations in terms of pollutant emissions adopted by ICAO-CAEP in last years, a redesign of aero-engine combustors has been required and, today, lean combustion technology can be considered as the most effective solution. In this context, common design tools and standard RANS predictive techniques are often not capable of properly characterizing combustors performances. Thus, computational techniques have been rapidly evolving towards an extensive use of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) or hybrid RANS methods. This paper presents the numerical analysis of an experimental partially premixed flame fed by a dilute spray of acetone [1] , exploiting a two-phase Eulerian-Lagrangian approach combined with the Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) combustion model in the context of LES techniques. All simulations have been performed with thecode Ansys Fluent 15.0. A comparison both in non-reactive and reactive conditions of the obtained results with experimental data and conventional RANS solution has been realized in order to highlight the LES capabilities to give a new insight into the physics of reactive two-phase flows, particularly on the unsteady evolution of turbulent spray flames involving particles dispersion, evaporation and combustion

Adaptive and convergent methods for large eddy simulation of turbulent combustion

textIn the recent past, LES methodology has emerged as a viable tool for modeling turbulent combustion. LES computes the large scale mixing process accurately, thereby providing a better starting point for small-scale models that describe the combustion process. Significant effort has been made over past decades to improve accuracy and applicability of the LES approach to a wide range of flows, though the current conventions often lack consistency to the problems at hand. To this end, the two main objectives of this dissertation are to develop a dynamic transport equation-based combustion model for large- eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent spray combustion and to investigate grid- independent LES modeling for scalar mixing. Long-standing combustion modeling approaches have shown to be suc- cessful for a wide range of gas-phase flames, however, the assumptions required to derive these formulations are invalidated in the presence of liquid fuels and non-negligible evaporation rates. In the first part of this work, a novel ap- proach is developed to account for these evaporation effects and the resulting multi-regime combustion process. First, the mathematical formulation is de- rived and the numerical implementation in a low-Mach number computational solver is verified against one-dimensional and lab scale, both non-reacting and reacting spray-laden flows. In order to clarify the modeling requirements in LES for spray combustion applications, results from a suite of fully-resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a spray laden planar jet flame are fil- tered at a range of length scales. LES results are then validated against two sets of experimental jet flames, one having a pilot and allowing for reduced chemistry modeling and the second requiring the use of detail chemistry with in situ tabulation to reduce the computational cost of the direct integration of a chemical mechanism. The conventional LES governing equations are derived from a low-pass filtering of the Navier-Stokes equations. In practice, the filter used to derive the LES governing equations is not formally defined and instead, it is assumed that the discretization of LES equations will implicitly act as a low-pass filter. The second part of this study investigates an alternative derivation of the LES governing equations that requires the formal definition of the filtering operator, known as explicitly filtered LES. It has been shown that decoupling the filter- ing operation from the underlying grid allows for the isolation of subfilter-scale modeling errors from numerical discretization errors. Specific to combustion modeling are the aggregate errors associated with modeling sub-filter distribu- tions of scalars that are transported by numerical impacted turbulent fields. Quantities of interest to commonly-used combustion models, including sub- filter scalar variance and filtered scalar dissipation rate, are investigated for both homogeneous and shear-driven turbulent mixing.Aerospace Engineerin

Large Eddy Simulation of a spray jet flame using Doubly Conditional Moment Closure

A spray jet flame is modelled using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with Doubly Conditional Moment Closure (DCMC). Since turbulent spray flames may include multiple combustion modes, the DCMC model uses both mixture fraction and reaction progress variable as conditioning variables. Conditional spray terms were included in the DCMC model to consider the coupling between evaporation and the flame structure. In the case of spatial homogeneity and in the limit of negligible mixture fraction scalar dissipation rate (SDR), the DCMC equation is shown to reproduce the flame structure of freely propagating laminar flames. For the spray jet flame, a good agreement between the simulation results and the experiments is achieved, in terms of the spray statistics, as well as the instantaneous and mean flame shape. The simulation shows important differences in the flame structure between the turbulent inner and the quasilaminar outer flame branch. The doubly-conditional parametrisation appears to be advantageous for resolving small scale effects related to droplet evaporation. Analysis of the DCMC equation suggests that the behaviour of the flame at its anchoring point is strongly influenced by non-premixed burning modes. The solution appears to be weakly affected by terms of convective transport in the DCMC equation, but significant spatial variations and temporal fluctuations of the conditional reaction rate, around 10 % of the time-based mean, persist.EPSRC, Project number: EP/R029369/

Review of alternative fuels data bases

Based on an analysis of the interaction of fuel physical and chemical properties with combustion characteristics and indicators, a ranking of the importance of various fuel properties with respect to the combustion process was established. This ranking was used to define a suite of specific experiments whose objective is the development of an alternative fuels design data base. Combustion characteristics and indicators examined include droplet and spray formation, droplet vaporization and burning, ignition and flame stabilization, flame temperature, laminar flame speed, combustion completion, soot emissions, NOx and SOx emissions, and the fuels' thermal and oxidative stability and fouling and corrosion characteristics. Key fuel property data is found to include composition, thermochemical data, chemical kinetic rate information, and certain physical properties

Exploration of novel fuels for gas turbine (ENV-406) : modeling of T60 test rig with diesel & biodiesel fuels

Dans cette thèse, un modèle numérique a été proposé pour simuler la combustion liquide des carburants conventionnels et non-conventionnels, en particulier le mélange de biodiesel B20. La matrice de test numérique constitue de quatre cas d’écoulement réactifs c.à.d. avec combustion et d’un cinquième avec injection liquide sans combustion (écoulement non-réactif). Les modèles sont calculés à l’aide du logiciel FLUENT™ v.14 en 3D et a l’état stationnaire. Les flammes de diffusion turbulentes sont modélisées en utilisant l’approche de flammelette laminaire stable, avec une fonction de densité de probabilité jointe (PDF). La Validation est effectuée en comparant les mesures expérimentales disponibles avec les résultats obtenus de la CFD. L’aérodynamique de la chambre de combustion, ainsi que les températures de parois extérieures sont captures avec un degré de précision satisfaisant. La validation des principaux produits de combustion, tels que : CO2, H2O et O2, montre des résultats satisfaisants pour tous les cas d'écoulement réactifs, mais certaines incohérences ont été relevées pour les émissions de CO. On pense que le banc d'essai (la géométrie de la chambre de combustion et son état de fonctionnement) n'est pas suffisamment adéquat pour la combustion de combustibles liquides. D’autre part, et d’un point de vue numérique, l’approche de flammelette laminaire stable a été trouvé raisonnablement hors mesure de saisir les effets profonds du non-équilibre chimique qui sont souvent associés au processus de lente formation d’un polluant, comme le CO.In this thesis, a CFD model was proposed to simulate the liquid combustion of conventional and non-conventional biodiesel fuels, in particularly the B20 biodiesel blend. The numerical test matrix consists of four reacting flow cases, and one non-reacting liquid fuel injection case. The models are computed using FLUENT™ v.14 in a 3D steady-state fashion. The turbulent non-premixed diffusion flames are modeled using the steady laminar flamelet approach; with a joint presumed Probability density function (PDF) distribution. Validation is achieved by comparing available experimental measurements with the obtained CFD results. Combustor aerodynamics and the outer wall temperatures are captured with a satisfactory degree of accuracy. Validation of the main combustion products, such as: CO2, H2O, and O2, shows satisfactory results for all the reacting flow cases; however, some inconsistencies were found for the CO emissions. It is believed that the test rig (combustor geometry and operating condition) is not sufficiently adequate for burning liquid fuels. On the other hand, from a numerical combustion point of view, the steady laminar flamelet approach was found not reasonably able to capture the deep non-equilibrium effects associated with the slow formation process of a pollutant, such as CO

Sparse Lagrangian MMC-LES Combustion Modelling of Liquid Sprays

This thesis provides a detailed investigation of turbulent combustion modelling of liquid sprays. Modelling of liquid sprays is a challenging task due to the existence of a wide range of complexities in both liquid and gas phases and their interaction in the spray and combustion process. In such multiphase flow, there is a need to address all physical processes involved in each individual phase and jointly in the interaction of phases. In a multiphase flow, there are physical processes with respect to flow, energy, chemical reactions, and flame propagation. In the liquid phase, the physical processes include dispersion, evaporation, volatile formation and exchange of heat and mass transfer with the gas phase. In the gas phase, there is turbulent flow, mixing and chemical reactions. The model that is derived and validated in this thesis extends the existing capabilities of liquid spray modelling by introducing a novel model for heat and mass transfer in the liquid phase that is coupled with the gas phase simulation. The model is comprised of an Eulerian LES model for the gas phase mass, momentum, and reference mixture fraction, a Lagrangian fuel particle (LFP) model for the dispersion, evaporation, heat and mass transfer and volatile formation, and a second Lagrangian stochastic particle model based on a multiple mapping conditioning (MMC) to represent the turbulent reacting chemistry. This study simulates three experimental validation cases from the University of Sydney combustion lab: non-reacting kerosene, evaporating acetone and reacting acetone. The axial and radial profiles of droplets, gas velocity and gas phase temperature are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Importantly the results of the finite volume and Lagrangian stochastic particle schemes are shown to be consistent with each other

Open and confined spray flames

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