BUSINESS REGULATIONS: CONSTRAIN OR SAFEGUARD BUSINESS ACTIVITY? (THE IMPORTANCE OF REGULATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT)

Poor quality of laws and regulations can seriously hamper economic growth and sustainable development. Regulatory costs represent significant obstacles to private sector investment, whereas, an effective regulatory environment improves trade performance. Rules and regulations are under the direct control of policy-makers and policy makers intending to change the experience and behavior of businesses will often start by changing rules and regulations that affect them. Good business regulations enable the private sector to prosper and help businesses to expand their transaction network.In this context, the regulations seem to safeguard economic activity and facilitate business operations. By other side, if regulations are poorly designed, they can become obstacles to doing business. Business regulations are part of institutional constraints.The main purpose of this paper is, to offer a comparative analysis of reforms undertaken by different European countries (especially Balkan countries), through an interpreter and descriptive analysis using the data set provided by Doing Business Report (2013) in order to evaluate the position of Albania towards its neighbors. The comparison will cover two sides: what has been done (reforms making it easier to do business) and what must be done in the future. Subsequently, the importance of regulatory reforms describing the main benefits of a reform impact assessment (RIA) process will be in focus of the paper. It is important for governments not only to implement a policy but also to understand and evaluate how well this policy will work

Increasing Demand For IT Auditing Creates New Career Options For AIS/MIS/IT Students

The demand to hire entry-level IT auditors is rising around the globe, mostly due to dramatic changes in laws and regulations.  Employers in the United States are increasingly hiring MIS majors to fill IT audit positions, even graduates who have little or no formal education in auditing.  MIS students and educators should have an awareness of the impact these new governance laws and regulations are having on IT operations.  For students interested in IT audit careers, we describe the emerging field of IT auditing and discuss skills necessary for success in this profession.  AIS/IT/MIS educators can help develop these skills, and can learn about some suggestions for doing so.  IT executives and managers should also be aware of these shifting trends because they will affect their supply of qualified personnel and because many of the changes in laws and regulations will likely have an impact beyond their normal national scope

Mengembangkan Self Regulation Dalam Etika Komunikasi

The existence of codes of conduct in communication field is still interesting to be discussed. Not many practioners and people consider to this conduct while they were doing their jobs. They have major problems in dealing with ethics issues, especially when communicationg in the publics arena. Communications freedom and communications technology are accussed as caustive prima of communications ethics problems. To solve the problem, this article proposes self regulations to control our communication behaviour

The Part-Time Pay Penalty

In 2003, women working part-time in the UK earned, on average, 22% less than women working full-time. Compared to women who work FT, PT women are more likely to have low levels of education, to be in a couple, to have young and numerous children, to work in small establishments in distribution, hotels and restaurants and in low-level occupations. Taking account of these differences, the PT penalty for identical women doing the same job is estimated to be about 10% if one does not take account of differences in the occupations of FT and PT women and 3% if one does. The occupational segregation of PT and FT women can explain most of the aggregate PT pay penalty. In particular, women who move from FT to PT work are much more likely to change employer and/or occupation than those who maintain their hours status. And, when making this transition, they tend to make a downward occupational move, evidence that many women working PT are not making full use of their skills and experience. Women working PT in the other EU countries have similar problems to the UK but the UK has the highest PT pay penalty and one of the worst problems in enabling women to move between FT and PT work without occupational demotions. At the same time, PT work in the UK carries a higher job satisfaction premium (or a lower job satisfaction penalty) than in most other countries. Policy initiatives in recent years like the National Minimum Wage, the Part-Time Workers Regulations and the Right to Request Flexible Working appear to have had little impact on the PT pay penalty as yet although it is too early to make a definitive assessment of the full impact of some of these regulations. The most effective way to reduce the PT pay penalty would be to strengthen rights for women to move between FT and PT work without losing their current job.employment transitions, part-time work, motherhood, EU, equality

Urgency of Legal Protection for Labor Rights within Waging Sector

National development is initiated in goal to achieve fully-fledged developments for Indonesians and the society as a whole through achieving prosperity, wealthy, equality either materially or spiritually in accordance to Pancasila and Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 ‘The 1945 Constitution of Republic of Indonesia’. For labors or workers, doing what they are assigned with are clearly intended to help sustaining their daily needs, as they will later receive remunerations based on their working contributions. Wage as mean of incomes is one of the rights embedded to the workers that need to be protected in line with the relevant regulations in force. Keywords: Legal Protection, Workers Right, Wages

Urgency of Legal Protection for Labor Rights within Waging Sector

National development is initiated in goal to achieve fully-fledged developments for Indonesians and the society as a whole through achieving prosperity, wealthy, equality either materially or spiritually in accordance to Pancasila and Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 ‘The 1945 Constitution of Republic of Indonesia’. For labors or workers, doing what they are assigned with are clearly intended to help sustaining their daily needs, as they will later receive remunerations based on their working contributions. Wage as mean of incomes is one of the rights embedded to the workers that need to be protected in line with the relevant regulations in force. Keywords: Legal Protection, Workers Right, Wages

Marketing and branding for non-profit organisations: A case for mathematics for a lifetime.

In China, the health supplements market has rapidly increased in recent years. In 2015, Chinese consumers purchased over RMB109 billion (US$16.3 billion) of vitamins and dietary supplements, almost double its value in 2008. This market is predicted to reach RMB149 billion (US$22.3 billion) by 2020 According to the China Chamber of Commerce for Import & Export of Medicines & Health Products, imports of health foods and nutritional supplements (including ingredients and finished products) into China were worth US$2.67 billion in 2014. The market share is almost 35 percent of Chinese health food market. This continuing growing demand is driven by various reasons, such as Chinese economic growth, improved health and wellness consciousness by global natural trends, limited availability of mainstream healthcare service, the second child wave from new family planning policy resulting in pregnancies, and the contribution of the baby market’s demand China is also an ageing society, a distinct market characteristic in which elderly population are rising now. Those people are likely to retain their health and manage their health condition, but they are not used to be targeted regarding health supplements companies. Also, most Chinese people are interested in and trust the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). so there is an opportunity for companies to move towards of this potential market. Moreover, E-commerce is the primary sales channel for most vitamins and dietary supplements businesses in China, because it can bypass heavy tariffs and high costs for international brands. However, this channel has been tightened by authority’s new regulations since 2016 which means tax and other changes have been made. But it is also an effective way for New Zealand exporters to China, with the favourable tariff and easier market access compared to traditional trade. The biggest two competitors in this channel in China are Swisse and Blackmores, which are famous Australia health supplements brands, marketed to Chinese consumers. Major e-commerce platforms include TMall, JD and KaoLa, who take over half the market share in China. This paper uses a qualitative method of interviewing to obtain open and in-depth information, and to focus on thematic analysis for preparing export to China. Of three interviewees, two work at Health 2000 Marketing Department and one is International Corporation Marketing person in China. Suggestions for Health 2000 regarding exporting to China include: doing sufficient research before they enter the market because the market characteristics are always changing; the business needs to understand their customers fully. Using multiple social networks to fit in mature technology market in China where people can use the mobile app to do online shopping, and use QR code with an appropriate tracking number to track their order status, and, consider local competitors and new entries. Using the leverage of e-commerce influences to develop online to offline long-term business model for building an international brand. This research aims to provide appropriate marketing strategies for Health 2000 to expand its international market share in China and looking to explain Chinese new regulations regarding cross-border e-commerce. Moreover, it aims to to help Health 2000 understand Chinese customers’ characteristics and achieve the market potential to boost its brand in the international market

The Case of Latin America

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2021.8. 정재원.There is a growing concern about the relationship between business regulations and their impact on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Latin American countries, even though various attempts have been made to address this matter, the region's empirical evidence is not enough. This study measured the impact of business regulations, using the Doing Business Index as a proxy of business regulations, on FDI in a set of 21 Latin American economies. A quantitative analysis was conducted, using panel data for 21 countries in 14 years period, based on GMM Arellano and Bond methodology where multiple regression models were performed to ensure the robustness of the results. Further, a qualitative analysis was conducted based on primary data collected through 9 in-deep interviews in a single case of study. The results showed that the ease of Doing Business score is a significant and positive stimulus for FDI under several specifications, and there are some indicators of the Doing Business Index that matter more than others. These indicators are starting a business, paying taxes, registering property and trading across borders. These four indicators were positively significant under several specifications. The study is concluded by general and specific recommendations to the government in aim to work toward a better business climate that boosts Foreign Direct Investment in the region.라틴 아메리카 국가들에서 기업 규제와 외국인 직접 투자 간의 관계에 대한 우려가 커지고 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위한 다양한 시도가 있었음에도 불구하고 이 분야의 실증적 증거는 충분하지 않다. 본 연구는 기업 규제 대리 변수로서 Doing Business Index를 사용하여 라틴 아메리카의 21개 국가를 대상으로 기업 규제가 외국인 직접 투자에 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. 결과의 견고성을 보장하기 위해 다수의 회귀 모델을 수행한 GMM Arellano and Bond 방법론에 근거하여 21개국의 14개년도 패널 데이터를 이용한 정량적 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 단일 연구 사례에서 9개의 심층 인터뷰를 통해 수집된 1차 데이터를 바탕으로 정성 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 특정 조건 하에서는 the ease of Doing Business score이 외국인 직접 투자에 유의미한 양의 영향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 창업, 세금 납부, 부동산 등록, 국제 교역의 사례가 Doing Business Index의 중요한 지표인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 네 가지 지표들은 특정 조건 하에서 유의미한 양의 영향을 보였다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 이 지역의 외국인 직접 투자를 활성화하는 더 나은 기업 풍토 조성을 목표로 정부에 일반적이고 구체적인 권고를 제시한다Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1. BACKGROUND 1 1.2. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 2 Chapter 2: Literature Review 5 2.1. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN LATIN AMERICA 5 2.2. ADVANTAGES OF FDI 9 2.3. DETERMINANTS OF FDI 10 2.4. DOING BUSINESS INDEX 16 2.5. FDI AND DOING BUSINESS INDEX 17 Chapter 3: Methodology 23 3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN 23 3.2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY 23 3.3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 28 3.4. CONCEPTUALIZATION AND HYPOTHESIS 29 3.5. OPERATIONALIZATION 30 3.6. DEFINITION OF POPULATION 32 3.6.1. Quantitative analysis 32 3.6.2. Qualitative analysis 33 Chapter 4: Analysis and Discussion of Results 34 4.1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 34 4.1.1. Descriptive analysis 34 4.1.2. Regression analysis 36 4.2. HYPOTHESIS TESTING 45 4.2.1. Hypothesis 1 45 4.2.2. Hypothesis 2 45 4.2.3. Hypothesis 3 45 4.2.4. Hypothesis 4 46 4.2.5. Hypothesis 5 46 4.2.6. Hypothesis 6 46 4.2.7. Hypothesis 7 46 4.2.8. Hypothesis 8 46 4.3. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 47 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations 53 5.1. CONCLUSION 53 5.2. POLICY IMPLICATIONS 54 5.3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 58 5.4. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 61 5.5. AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 61 Bibliography 63 Abstract in Korean 71 Acknowledgments 73석

Labor Flexibility, Legal Reform and Economic Development

The current global financial crisis has provoked intense criticism of the regulatory framework for financial markets. Financial market flexibility, once considered the key to successful financial institutions and economic growth, has now come under intense scrutiny. In contrast, labor market flexibility is still promoted by scholars and international policymakers as an essential part of the recipe for economic development. This Article argues that the predominant understanding of labor flexibility is misguided and needs to be revised. To illustrate why, the Article undertakes a critical examination of labor flexibility as developed by a leading World Bank project, called “Doing Business.” It argues that the project mischaracterizes countries’ labor regulations by failing to consider the full range of legal sources, surveying only the law in the books, and remaining blind to the realities of lack of enforcement and rampant economic informality. More importantly, the project promotes a binary understanding of flexibility that fails to capture the relational character of legal entitlements. Proposed legal reforms in the direction of “flexibilization” can therefore be both costly and ineffective. As an alternative, this Article develops a framework which, incorporating insights from comparative law and legal theory, proceeds in two steps. First, it undertakes a doctrinal assessment of the respective rights, duties, and privileges of employers and employees in the labor market, and asks whose flexibility is enhanced. Second, it pays attention to the link between the formal and informal economic sectors. Using the examples of the United States and Mexico, the Article illustrates how this new framework can lead to a better sense of the relationship between labor law and a country’s economy, and can be used as a better map for regulatory reforms

What Works? How Federal Contractors are Implementing Section 503: Survey Report

In September 2013, The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) published the final rule making changes to the regulations implementing Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (Section 503). In March 2014, new regulations went into effect, setting new requirements for federal contractors and subcontractors, related to non-discrimination and affirmative action in the employment of qualified individuals with disabilities. For example, contractors now are required to offer applicants and employees the opportunity to self-identify as a person with a disability and further to use the data collected to understand their progress toward a 7% utilization goal for employment of individuals with disabilities.1 This survey is part of a larger project entitled Initial Impact of Section 503 Rules: Identifying Effective Employer Practices and Trends in Disability Violations among Federal Contractors funded by the US Department of Labor, Chief Evaluation Office. The overall goal of this project is to understand the initial impact of these regulations on employer practices and consequently on the employment environment for individuals with disabilities. The purpose of the survey summarized in this report is to build an understanding of contractor disability-inclusive policy and practice in initially responding to Section 503 regulations. The survey is titled: What Works? How Federal Contractors Are Implementing Section 503, and is referred to as Section 503 Survey in this report