Framing Effects: An Analytic–Holistic Perspective

Under what conditions, why, and for whom are framing effects most likely? In this paper, we build on the existing literature (e.g., Chaiken, 1987; Epstein, Lipson, Holstein, & Huh, 1992; Evans & Over, 1996; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990; Payne, Bettman, & Johnson, 1988; Simon, 1956; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich & West, 2000), in providing answers to these questions. We hypothesized that individuals who engage a decision task with an analytic/systematic versus holistic/heuristic processing style are especially insensitive to the influence of framing effects. Therefore, we predicted that the way in which a decision is framed should have a relatively weak influence on those who were either induced (Experiment 1) or predisposed (Experiment 2) to adopt a predominantly analytic/systematic versus holistic/heuristic processing style. The results of both experiments supported this position

Analytic-holistic thinking influence on information use during sensemaking

The present study looks at how cultural differences in cognition pose a challenge to the management of information. Analytic-Holistic (AH) thinking, in particular, appears to influence information selection, attribution, and ultimately, sensemaking. This study, conducted in the United States, used 47 Americans and 47 Malaysian students studying in the U.S. The participants completed the Holism Scale; read a scenario and responded to a recognition test and an attribution assessment, developed for this study. First, Malaysians were found to be higher than the Americans in a scale of holistic thinking. Second, they also remembered more situational information. Thirdly, no differences were found between the two groups in situational attribution. Finally, proposed mediations with recognition of information as a mediator of AH thinking and Attribution were not significant. Differences in cognition affected types of information remembered. Implications of results on information management, sensemaking, and barriers to multinational teamwork are discussed

Individual Differences in Lateralization of Cognitive Processes: Type I and Type II Processors

Recent research indicates that the two hemispheres of the human brain serve different functions when processing visual information. Specifically the left hemisphere, for most individuals, is specialized for an analytic or sequential type of processing and the right hemisphere is specialized for a holistic or gestalt type of processing. However this dichotomy is not always found, and it is hypothesized that individual subject differences may partially account for the somewhat inconsistent results in the research literature. The present study attempts to examine the effect of one individual difference dimension upon process lateralization . Subjects were classified into two types, Type 1 and Type II, based on previously established criteria. Type I individuals are characterized as having only a holistic processing capability, while Type II individuals have both holistic and analytic processing capabilities. This individual difference variable is hypothesized to have an effect upon the analytic/holistic lateralization dichotomy within the two hemispheres of the brain. The subjects in the present study were divided into Type I and Type II subject groups. However the low incidence of Type I subjects observed precludes any meaningful comparison between the Type I and Type II groups. The data from subgroups of subjects that were observed were examined for analytic/holistic lateralization effects. It was hypothesized that process lateralization would occur in the Type II subjects, since these individuals have been described as having dual-processing capabilities. Functional analytic/holistic differences between the two hemispheres were not found. Future research is suggested to clarify the role of individual differences along the Type I/Type II and analytic/holistic dichotomies within the hemispheric specialization research literature

WHEN DOES NEGATIVE BRAND PUBLICITY HURT? The Moderating Influence of Analytic Versus Holistic Thinking

Negative publicity can diminish positive consumer perceptions of a brand. We explore the impact of processing style on mitigating the effects of negative publicity. We hypothesize that holistic thinkers are less susceptible to negative publicity information than are analytic thinkers. Holistic thinkers are more likely to consider external context-based explanations for the negative publicity, resulting in little or no revision of beliefs about the parent brand. Analytic thinkers, in contrast, are less likely to consider contextual factors, attributing negative information to the parent brand and updating their brand beliefs accordingly. Across three studies, we find support for our predictions.Brand publicity, holistic thinking

Does It Matter If It Involves My Group? How the Importance of Collective-Esteem Influences a Group-Based Framing Task

Studies that have addressed questions concerning when framing effects are likely to occur have produced mixed results. In this article we examine how differences in personality factors influence a group–based framing task. Specifically, when high collective importance individuals evaluated a framing task involving their group no framing effects were observed. Different results were obtained for low collective individuals. When low collective individuals evaluated a task involving their group, the typical framing effects were found. These results are interpreted in light of the dual analytic-holistic analysis

Preferences under risk: content-dependent behavior and psychological processing

A common view in economics and psychology is that decision agents achieve their choices and express their respective preferences by computing probabilistic properties (probabilities and money) from a decisionmaking context (e.g., von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1947; Tversky and Kahneman, 1992; Starmer, 2000). In this computational processing, the main psychological mechanism requires that decision agents are able to integrate economic (contextual) attributes such as money and probabilities into subjective values; in other words people are able to construct and employ psycho-economic scales. Subsequently, when making a choice, decision agents are supposed to perform tradeoffs between the computed outputs (psycho-economic variables such as expected values) and certain monetary alternatives (see Kahneman and Tversky, 1979; Tversky and Kahneman, 1992

Expertise modulates hemispheric asymmetry in holistic processing: evidence from Chinese character processing

Conference Theme: Mind, Technology, and SocietyHolistic processing (HP) has been proposed to be a character-istic of right hemisphere (RH) processing. Here we test this claim using the divided visual field paradigm with Chinese character stimuli. HP is assessed through the composite para-digm, which is commonly used in perceptual expertise re-search. We found that in novice Chinese readers, a standard HP pattern emerged only in the left visual field/RH but not in the right visual field/left hemisphere, consistent with the ana-lytic/holistic hemispheric dichotomy in the literature. However, in expert Chinese readers, neither visual field showed the HP pattern, consistent with the finding that re-duced HP is an expertise maker for Chinese character recog-nition. Thus, the RH does not always employ holistic process-ing; it depends on the perceivers’ experience with the stimuli. This is the first study demonstrating that expertise with a vis-ual object type can modulate hemispheric difference in HP.postprin

Cultural Differences in Visual Search for Geometric Figures

While some studies suggest cultural differences in visual processing, others do not, possibly because the complexity of their tasks draws upon high‐level factors that could obscure such effects. To control for this, we examined cultural differences in visual search for geometric figures, a relatively simple task for which the underlying mechanisms are reasonably well known. We replicated earlier results showing that North Americans had a reliable search asymmetry for line length: Search for long among short lines was faster than vice versa. In contrast, Japanese participants showed no asymmetry. This difference did not appear to be affected by stimulus density. Other kinds of stimuli resulted in other patterns of asymmetry differences, suggesting that these are not due to factors such as analytic/holistic processing but are based instead on the target‐detection process. In particular, our results indicate that at least some cultural differences reflect different ways of processing early‐level features, possibly in response to environmental factors.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141634/1/cogs12490_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141634/2/cogs12490.pd

When Is It Going To Happen? How Temporal Distance Influences Processing for Risky–Choice Framing Tasks

In this article we examine how temporal proximity of an event influences decision task processing and, in turn, the likelihood of framing effects. We hypothesized that events occurring in the relatively near future should be more likely to induce the analytic processing style and result in attenuated framing effects. Events occurring in the more distant future should be processed with the holistic style and framing effects should be relatively more pronounced. In Study 1, we assessed how temporal proximity influenced the perceived relevance for an event occurring at different temporal proximities. In Study 2, we tested the influence of temporal proximity using the Asian disease problem. In Study 3, we tested the influence of temporal proximity with a different type of risky–choice decision task and investigated evidence for analytic/holistic processing. The results provide converging support for a temporal–relevance hypothesis

The field of cognitive styles: From a theoretical review to the construction of the cognitive style inventory

Cognitive styles gained prominence in organizational behavior and management literature during the last decades. Researchers studied cognitive styles in relationship to various concepts and from various points of view. Different authors developed their own instruments of assessment to identify differences in cognitive styles. However, this theoretical and empirical pluralism makes the field of cognitive styles rather confusing and leads to inconsistent measurement results. Several authors try to create order in the diverse field by integration of the different theories. With this state of affairs in mind, the purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly, we attempt to demarcate and define succintly the field of cognitive style research. Secondly, we want to present our research on cognitive styles, which led tot the development of the Cognitive Style Inventory (CoSI). We are currently finalising the validation and cross-validation of our self-report questionnaire. The theoretical background of the questionnaire is presented. Because of the usefulness of the cognitive style concept for organizations, clarification of the research field and the development of a useful questionnaire to measure individual differences in cognitive styles are necessary