A survey of communication protocols for internet of things and related challenges of fog and cloud computing integration

The fast increment in the number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices is accelerating the research on new solutions to make cloud services scalable. In this context, the novel concept of fog computing as well as the combined fog-to-cloud computing paradigm is becoming essential to decentralize the cloud, while bringing the services closer to the end-system. This article surveys e application layer communication protocols to fulfill the IoT communication requirements, and their potential for implementation in fog- and cloud-based IoT systems. To this end, the article first briefly presents potential protocol candidates, including request-reply and publish-subscribe protocols. After that, the article surveys these protocols based on their main characteristics, as well as the main performance issues, including latency, energy consumption, and network throughput. These findings are thereafter used to place the protocols in each segment of the system (IoT, fog, cloud), and thus opens up the discussion on their choice, interoperability, and wider system integration. The survey is expected to be useful to system architects and protocol designers when choosing the communication protocols in an integrated IoT-to-fog-to-cloud system architecture.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Multi-factor Physical Layer Security Authentication in Short Blocklength Communication

Lightweight and low latency security schemes at the physical layer that have recently attracted a lot of attention include: (i) physical unclonable functions (PUFs), (ii) localization based authentication, and, (iii) secret key generation (SKG) from wireless fading coefficients. In this paper, we focus on short blocklengths and propose a fast, privacy preserving, multi-factor authentication protocol that uniquely combines PUFs, proximity estimation and SKG. We focus on delay constrained applications and demonstrate the performance of the SKG scheme in the short blocklength by providing a numerical comparison of three families of channel codes, including half rate low density parity check codes (LDPC), Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH), and, Polar Slepian Wolf codes for n=512, 1024. The SKG keys are incorporated in a zero-round-trip-time resumption protocol for fast re-authentication. All schemes of the proposed mutual authentication protocol are shown to be secure through formal proofs using Burrows, Abadi and Needham (BAN) and Mao and Boyd (MB) logic as well as the Tamarin-prover

Access Management in Lightweight IoT: A Comprehensive review of ACE-OAuth framework

With the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT), the need for secure and scalable authentication and authorization mechanism for resource-constrained devices is becoming increasingly important. This thesis reviews the authentication and authorization mechanisms in resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) environments. The thesis focuses on the ACE-OAuth framework, which is a lightweight and scalable solution for access management in IoT. Traditional access management protocols are not well-suited for the resource-constrained environment of IoT devices. This makes the lightweight devices vulnerable to cyber-attacks and unauthorized access. This thesis explores the security mechanisms and standards, the protocol flow and comparison of ACE-OAuth profiles. It underlines their potential risks involved with the implementation. The thesis delves into the existing and emerging trends technologies of resource-constrained IoT and identifies limitations and potential threats in existing authentication and authorization methods. Furthermore, comparative analysis of ACE profiles demonstrated that the DTLS profile enables constrained servers to effectively handle client authentication and authorization. The OSCORE provides enhanced security and non-repudiation due to the Proof-of-Possession (PoP) mechanism, requiring client to prove the possession of cryptographic key to generate the access token. The key findings in this thesis, including security implications, strengths, and weaknesses for ACE OAuth profiles are covered in-depth. It shows that the ACE-OAuth framework’s strengths lie in its customization capabilities and scalability. This thesis demonstrates the practical applications and benefits of ACE-OAuth framework in diverse IoT deployments through implementation in smart home and factory use cases. Through these discussions, the research advances the application of authentication and authorization mechanisms and provides practical insights into overcoming the challenges in constrained IoT settings

Hash based Mutual Authentication for IOT Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) deals with the different types of devices/sensors/applications and it is quite challenging to secure the data transmission over IoT because anonymous users can join the network without authentication and network resources can be compromised. There is need to integrate authentication provision for IoT networks and in this paper, a mutual authentication based scheme will be introduced to achieve above discussed security goal and its performance will be introduced under different constraints (Throughput/energy consumption etc.

Smooth Number Message Authentication Code in the IoT Landscape

This paper presents the Smooth Number Message Authentication Code (SNMAC) for the context of lightweight IoT devices. The proposal is based on the use of smooth numbers in the field of cryptography, and investigates how one can use them to improve the security and performance of various algorithms or security constructs. The literature findings suggest that current IoT solutions are viable and promising, yet they should explore the potential usage of smooth numbers. The methodology involves several processes, including the design, implementation, and results evaluation. After introducing the algorithm, provides a detailed account of the experimental performance analysis of the SNMAC solution, showcasing its efficiency in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, the paper also explores the security aspects of the proposed SNMAC algorithm, offering valuable insights into its robustness and applicability for ensuring secure communication within IoT environments.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure

Smooth Number Message Authentication Code in the IoT Landscape

This paper presents the Smooth Number Message Authentication Code (SNMAC) for the context of lightweight IoT devices. The proposal is based on the use of smooth numbers in the field of cryptography, and investigates how one can use them to improve the security and performance of various algorithms or security constructs. The literature findings suggest that current IoT solutions are viable and promising, yet they should explore the potential usage of smooth numbers. The methodology involves several processes, including the design, implementation, and results evaluation. After introducing the algorithm, provides a detailed account of the experimental performance analysis of the SNMAC solution, showcasing its efficiency in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, the paper also explores the security aspects of the proposed SNMAC algorithm, offering valuable insights into its robustness and applicability for ensuring secure communication within IoT environments

REISCH: incorporating lightweight and reliable algorithms into healthcare applications of WSNs

Healthcare institutions require advanced technology to collect patients' data accurately and continuously. The tradition technologies still suffer from two problems: performance and security efficiency. The existing research has serious drawbacks when using public-key mechanisms such as digital signature algorithms. In this paper, we propose Reliable and Efficient Integrity Scheme for Data Collection in HWSN (REISCH) to alleviate these problems by using secure and lightweight signature algorithms. The results of the performance analysis indicate that our scheme provides high efficiency in data integration between sensors and server (saves more than 24% of alive sensors compared to traditional algorithms). Additionally, we use Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) to validate the security procedures in our scheme. Security analysis results confirm that REISCH is safe against some well-known attacks