Surveying human habit modeling and mining techniques in smart spaces

A smart space is an environment, mainly equipped with Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies, able to provide services to humans, helping them to perform daily tasks by monitoring the space and autonomously executing actions, giving suggestions and sending alarms. Approaches suggested in the literature may differ in terms of required facilities, possible applications, amount of human intervention required, ability to support multiple users at the same time adapting to changing needs. In this paper, we propose a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that classifies most influential approaches in the area of smart spaces according to a set of dimensions identified by answering a set of research questions. These dimensions allow to choose a specific method or approach according to available sensors, amount of labeled data, need for visual analysis, requirements in terms of enactment and decision-making on the environment. Additionally, the paper identifies a set of challenges to be addressed by future research in the field

Ontology in Information Security

The past several years we have witnessed that information has become the most precious asset, while protection and security of information is becoming an ever greater challenge due to the large amount of knowledge necessary for organizations to successfully withstand external threats and attacks. This knowledge collected from the domain of information security can be formally described by security ontologies. A large number of researchers during the last decade have dealt with this issue, and in this paper we have tried to identify, analyze and systematize the relevant papers published in scientific journals indexed in selected scientific databases, in period from 2004 to 2014. This paper gives a review of literature in the field of information security ontology and identifies a total of 52 papers systematized in three groups: general security ontologies (12 papers), specific security ontologies (32 papers) and theoretical works (8 papers). The papers were of different quality and level of detail and varied from presentations of simple conceptual ideas to sophisticated frameworks based on ontology

Owl ontology quality assessment and optimization in the cybersecurity domain

The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the quality of ontologies in patterns perceived by cybersecurity context. A content analysis between ontologies indicated that there were more pronounced differences in OWL ontologies in the cybersecurity field. Results showed an increase of relevance from expressivity to variability. Additionally, no differences were found in strategies used in most of the incidents. The ontology background needs to be emphasized to understand the quality of the phenomena. In addition, ontologies are a means of representing an area of knowledge through their semantic structure. The search of information and integration of data from different origins provides a common base that guarantees the coherence of the data. This can be categorized and described in a normative way. The unification of information with the world that surrounds us allows to create synergies between entities and relationships. However, the area of cybersecurity is one of the real-world domains where knowledge is uncertain. It is therefore necessary to analyze the challenges of choosing the appropriate representation of un-structured information. Vulnerabilities are identified, but incident response is not an automatic mechanism for understanding and processing unstructured text found on the web.O objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar a qualidade das ontologias, em padrões percebidos pelo contexto de cibersegurança. Uma análise de conteúdo entre ontologias indicou que havia diferenças mais pronunciadas por ontologias OWL no campo da cibersegurança. Os resultados mostram um aumento da relevância de expressividade para a variabilidade. Além disso, não foram encontradas diferenças em estratégias utilizadas na maioria dos incidentes. O conhecimento das ontologias precisa de ser enfatizado para se entender os fenómenos de qualidade. Além disso, as ontologias são um meio de representar uma área de conhecimento através da sua estrutura semântica e facilita a pesquisa de informações e a integração de dados de diferentes origens, pois fornecem uma base comum que garante a coerência dos dados, categorizados e descritos, de forma normativa. A unificação da informação com o mundo que nos rodeia permite criar sinergias entre entidades e relacionamentos. No entanto, a área de cibersegurança é um dos domínios do mundo real em que o conhecimento é incerto e é fundamental analisar os desafios de escolher a representação apropriada de informações não estruturadas. As vulnerabilidades são identificadas, mas a resposta a incidentes não é um mecanismo automático para se entender e processar textos não estruturados encontrados na web

Ontologies for Industry 4.0

The current fourth industrial revolution, or ‘Industry 4.0’ (I4.0), is driven by digital data, connectivity, and cyber systems, and it has the potential to create impressive/new business opportunities. With the arrival of I4.0, the scenario of various intelligent systems interacting reliably and securely with each other becomes a reality which technical systems need to address. One major aspect of I4.0 is to adopt a coherent approach for the semantic communication in between multiple intelligent systems, which include human and artificial (software or hardware) agents. For this purpose, ontologies can provide the solution by formalizing the smart manufacturing knowledge in an interoperable way. Hence, this paper presents the few existing ontologies for I4.0, along with the current state of the standardization effort in the factory 4.0 domain and examples of real-world scenarios for I4.0.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Methodology for Designing Decision Support Systems for Visualising and Mitigating Supply Chain Cyber Risk from IoT Technologies

This paper proposes a methodology for designing decision support systems for visualising and mitigating the Internet of Things cyber risks. Digital technologies present new cyber risk in the supply chain which are often not visible to companies participating in the supply chains. This study investigates how the Internet of Things cyber risks can be visualised and mitigated in the process of designing business and supply chain strategies. The emerging DSS methodology present new findings on how digital technologies affect business and supply chain systems. Through epistemological analysis, the article derives with a decision support system for visualising supply chain cyber risk from Internet of Things digital technologies. Such methods do not exist at present and this represents the first attempt to devise a decision support system that would enable practitioners to develop a step by step process for visualising, assessing and mitigating the emerging cyber risk from IoT technologies on shared infrastructure in legacy supply chain systems

Smart City Ontologies and Their Applications: A Systematic Literature Review

The increasing interconnections of city services, the explosion of available urban data, and the need for multidisciplinary analysis and decision making for city sustainability require new technological solutions to cope with such complexity. Ontologies have become viable and effective tools to practitioners for developing applications requiring data and process interoperability, big data management, and automated reasoning on knowledge. We investigate how and to what extent ontologies have been used to support smart city services and we provide a comprehensive reference on what problems have been addressed and what has been achieved so far with ontology-based applications. To this purpose, we conducted a systematic literature review finalized to presenting the ontologies, and the methods and technological systems where ontologies play a relevant role in shaping current smart cities. Based on the result of the review process, we also propose a classification of the sub-domains of the city addressed by the ontologies we found, and the research issues that have been considered so far by the scientific community. We highlight those for which semantic technologies have been mostly demonstrated to be effective to enhance the smart city concept and, finally, discuss in more details about some open problems

An ontological representation of a taxonomy for cybercrime

The modern phenomenon of cybercrime raises issues and challenges on a scale that has few precedents. A particular central concern is that of establishing clarity about the conceptualization of cybercrime and its growing economic cost to society. A further related concern is focused on developing appropriate legal and policy responses in a context where crime transcends national jurisdictions and physical boundaries. Both are predicated on a better understanding of cybercrime. Efforts at defining and classifying cybercrime by the use of taxonomies to date have largely been descriptive with resulting ambiguities. This paper contributes a semi-formal approach to the development of a taxonomy for cybercrime and offers the conceptual language and accompanying constraints with which to describe cybercrime examples. The approach uses the ontology development platform, Protégé and the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to present an initial taxonomy for cybercrime that goes beyond the descriptive accounts previously offered. The taxonomy is illustrated with examples of cybercrimes both documented in the Protégé toolset and also using UML