16 research outputs found

    An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian SPH-MLS Method for the Computation of Compressible Viscous Flows

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    Financiado para publicaciรณn en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruรฑa/CISUG[Abstract] In this work we present a high-accurate discretization to solve the compressible Navier-Stokes equations using an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian meshless method (SPH-MLS), which can be seen as a general formulation that includes some well-known meshfree methods as a particular case. The formulation is based on the use of Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximants as weight functions on a Galerkin formulation and to accurate discretize the convective and viscous fluxes. This formulation also verifies the discrete partition of unity and reproduces the zero-gradient condition for constant functions. Convective fluxes are discretized using Riemann solvers. In order to obtain high accuracy MLS is also used for the high-order reconstruction of the Riemann states. The accuracy and performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by solving different steady and unsteady benchmark problems.This work has been partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaciรณn y Universidades of the Spanish Government (grant #RTI2018-093366-B-I00) and by the Consellerรญa de Educaciรณn e Ordenaciรณn Universitaria of the Xunta de Galicia (grant# ED431C 2018/41), cofinanced with FEDER funds of the European Union. Luis Ramรญrez also acknowledges the funding provided by the Xunta de Galicia through the program Axudas para a mellora, creaciรณn, recoรฑecemento e estruturaciรณn de agrupaciรณns estratรฉxicas do Sistema universitario de Galicia (reference # ED431E 2018/11)Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2018/41Xunta de Galicia; ED431E 2018/1

    An accurate SPH modeling of viscous flows around bodies at low and moderate Reynolds numbers

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    A weakly compressible SPH scheme has been used to describe the evolution of viscous flows around blunt bodies at Reynolds numbers ranging from 10 to 2400. The simulation of such a wide range, rarely addressed to in the SPH literature, has been possible thanks to the use of a proper ghost-fluid technique and to an accurate enforcement of the boundary conditions along the solid boundaries. In this context, a new numerical technique based on previous works by Takeda et al. (1994) [48], Marrone et al. (2011) [28] and De Leffe et al. (2011) [16] has been proposed, along with a new method for the evaluation of the global loads on bodies. Particular care has been taken to study the influence of the weakly-compressibility assumption and of different ghost-fluid techniques on the numerical results. An in-depth validation of the model has been performed by comparing the numerical outcome with experimental data from the literature and other numerical references. The influence of the domain size has been discussed in order to avoid wall side effects and, at the same time, to limit the computational costs. The convergence of the numerical solutions has been checked on both global and local quantities by choosing appropriate Reynolds-cell number. ยฉ 2013 Elsevier Inc

    ์™„ํ™”์ž…์ž์œ ์ฒด๋™์—ญํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ GPU ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ž…์ž ๋ถ„ํ• /๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ๊น€์ˆ˜์ง„.์ตœ๊ทผ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜„์•ˆ๋“ค์€ ์—ด์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์šฉ์œต, ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘, ๋‹ค์ƒ ์œ ๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์›์ž๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ ํ•ด์„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ๊ทธ๋ž‘์ง€์•ˆ ์ž…์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์—ญ์‹œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋ž‘์ง€์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ธ ์™„ํ™”์ž…์ž์œ ์ฒด๋™์—ญํ•™(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics : SPH)์€ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ƒ ์œ ๋™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž…์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ํ•ด์„์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ํ•ด์„ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด ์ž…์ž ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ž…์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•ด์„ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„(Single-resolution) ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ•ด์„, ๋น„๋“ฑ/์‘์ถ• ํ•ด์„, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ํ•ด์„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ๋™ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž…์ž ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„(Multi-resolution) ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋„์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” SPH ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž…์ž ๋ถ„ํ• /๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก (Adaptive Particle Refinement : APR)์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ GPU ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. APR ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ค‘ ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž…์ž๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด(์ž…์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ๋ถ€ํ”ผ, ์†๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๋“ฑ)์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž…์ž๋กœ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž…์ž ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์€ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์กด์‹๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, APR ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์™„ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(Smoothing length)๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ์†์  ์™„ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. GPU ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. APR ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌํ™” ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด CUDA C ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ž ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ง๋ ฌํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์†๋„ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ์šฉ๋œ APR ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ•ด์„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๊ด€๋‚ด ์œ ๋™, ๋Œ ๋ถ•๊ดด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นผ๋งŒ ์™€๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ APR ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œํŠธ ํŒŒ์‡„ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์šธ ์ƒ์Šน ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์œ ์ฒด, ๋‹ค์ƒ ์œ ๋™์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€์˜ ์ •๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•จ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž…์ž ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” SPH ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž…์ž ๋ถ„ํ• /๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  GPU๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, SPH ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ๋‚ด์— ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ํ•ด์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‹จ์ผ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์ž…์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•ด์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์›์ž๋กœ ์ค‘๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜„์ƒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž…์ž ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์œ ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.Recent nuclear safety issues are not only limited to thermal-hydraulics, but consist of complex phenomena including fuel melt, materials, chemical reactions, and multi-phase flow. The traditional reactor safety analysis is mainly based on Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) with Eulerian grid-based methods. But recently, Lagrangian particle-based methods are also being actively studied, due to their well-known advantages in handling free surface, interfacial flow, and large deformation. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is one of the representative Lagrangian-based methods in which the fluid system is represented as the finite number of particles. In particle-based CFD, high resolution generally guarantees high-accuracy results, but it causes a high computational load as the number of particles in the domain increases. Most existing particle-based analysis codes adopt a single-resolution method using particles of the same size in the entire computational domain. However, in the case that requires different levels of particle resolution depending on the flow region, such as turbulence, boiling/condensation, and shock wave analysis, this method may create unnecessary computational load or reduce the computational accuracy. Therefore, in order to improve this, it is necessary to introduce a multi-resolution analysis that can control the size of particles locally within the computational domain. Accordingly, in this study, an adaptive particle refinement (APR) method was developed and implemented in SPH, in a form suitable for GPU parallel computation to accelerate the model. The basic concept of the APR methodology is to use different resolutions in localized regions within the computational domain by splitting or merging particles under specific conditions during simulation. Multiple particle resolutions can be implemented by splitting or merging the SPH particles under certain conditions (position, volume, velocity gradient, etc.). However, in the methods used in previous studies, the velocity of the merged particle is determined only by the momentum conservation equation in the process of merging. Since this method conserves mass and momentum well but does not conserve the kinetic energy of particles, a new merging model for kinetic energy conservation is proposed in this study. In addition, when the smoothing length of particles is changed during the APR process, the accuracy of calculation may be reduced at the interface of the resolution where particles of different sizes interact. A continuous smoothing length change model to improve this was also proposed. Due to the nature of GPU parallel computation, when multiple threads simultaneously access and perform operations on the same memory, the order of operations between threads is twisted, resulting in a race condition that yields different results than expected. When the APR methodology is parallelized, such condition occurs in the process of storing newly generated particles, resulting in a collision of memory addresses of generated particles. To solve this problem, a locking algorithm that can prevent inter-thread computational interference was implemented using the atomic operation provided by the CUDA C language, and the algorithm was optimized to prevent computational speed degradation due to excessive serialization. Model validation and performance evaluation were performed with the applied APR model. From the analysis results of hydrostatic pressure formation, pipe flow, dam collapse, and Karman vortex, it was confirmed that the APR model developed can stably implement multi-resolution, and showed high accuracy and computational efficiency. In addition, application to multi-fluid and multi-phase flow was performed through jet break up and air bubble rising simulation, and quantitatively compared with experimental data. As a result, it was confirmed that the model well simulates the real phenomena, and the computational efficiency was greatly improved by controlling the number of particles. In this study, a multi-resolution analysis system was constructed within the SPH methodology by developing a particle refinement model and optimizing it using a GPU. This is significant in that it can provide a solution to the problem of excessive computational load due to the increase in resolution that the existing single-resolution particle-based analysis system inevitably had. It is expected to contribute to the analysis of complex flows that require multiple particle resolutions within the phenomenon, such as severe accidents in a nuclear reactor.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Previous Studies 2 1.3 Objectives 4 Chapter 2 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics 6 2.1 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) 6 2.1.1 SPH Particle Approximation 6 2.1.2 Smoothing Kernel Function 8 2.1.3 SPH approximation of derivatives 9 2.2 SPH governing equations 10 2.2.1 Mass conservation 11 2.2.2 Momentum conservation 12 2.2.3 Equation of State 13 2.2.4 Surface tension 13 2.3 SPH Algorithm 14 Chapter 3 Adaptive Particle Refinement 22 3.1 Adaptive Particle Refinement (APR) 22 3.1.1 Basic concept of APR 22 3.1.2 APR methodologies 23 3.1.3 Kinetic Energy Conservation 25 3.1.4 Error Analysis 27 3.1.5 Variable smoothing length 28 3.2 GPU-Parallelization 30 3.2.1 GPU-based SPH Algorithm 30 3.2.2 APR data management 30 3.2.3 Race Condition and Atomic 31 3.2.4 GPU-based APR Algorithm 33 Chapter 4 Results & Discussions 51 4.1 Benchmark Simulation 51 4.1.1 Hydrostatic Pressure 51 4.1.2 Pipe Flow 52 4.1.3 Dam Break 53 4.1.4 Karman Vortex 54 4.2 Application 55 4.2.1 Jet Break-up 55 4.2.2 Single Bubble Rising 57 Chapter 5 Conclusion 81 5.1 Summary 81 5.2 Recommendations 82 Nomenclature 84 References 86 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 91์„

    Simulaรงรฃo Numรฉrica de Escoamentos com Superfรญcies Livres Empregando o Mรฉtodo Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH)e o Processamento em Paralelo com Unidades de Processamento Grรกfico e a API Cuda

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    Neste trabalho, รฉ feita uma introduรงรฃo ao mรฉtodo lagrangiano de partรญculas, livre de malhas, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) voltado para a simulaรงรฃo numรฉrica de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos compressรญveis e quase-incompressรญveis. A busca pelas partรญculas vizinhas, dependendo do algoritmo utilizado, pode chegar a um custo computacional da ordem de N^2, onde N รฉ a quantidade de partรญculas usada na simulaรงรฃo numรฉrica. Portanto, buscou-se desenvolver um simulador numรฉrico, paralelizado empregando-se a Application Programming Interface (API) Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). A CUDA possibilita o processamento em paralelo empregando os nรบcleos das Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) das placas de vรญdeo. Os resultados numรฉricos foram validados considerando-se a resoluรงรฃo do problema do escoamento, bidimensional e tridimensional, de um fluido newtoniano, em um vertedouro com degraus de uma barragem
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