A real-time multimedia streaming protocol for wireless networks

This paper describes a new token-based medium access protocol for real-time networks and its implementation on a wireless network. Originally, the protocol is developed for use in low cost domestic or home networks that are based on Ethernet hardware. In contrast to existing protocols the token is assigned to network nodes on basis of a pre-emptive earliest deadline first (PEDF) schedule of the multimedia streams. The scheduler is distributed over all active nodes in the network. Although other schedulers could be used, PEDF is chosen because it has a theoretical bandwidth utilization of one hundred percent and feasibility analysis is very simple, so even simple devices can participate in such a network. This is confirmed by simulation experiments and a prototype based on Ethernet hardware. The protocol is successfully adapted to and implemented on an IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN, even though this type of network has some unpredictable properties, such as bandwidth switching

Performance Analysis and Improvement of WPAN MAC for Home Networks

The wireless personal area network (WPAN) is an emerging wireless technology for future short range indoor and outdoor communication applications. The IEEE 802.15.3 medium access control (MAC) is proposed to coordinate the access to the wireless medium among the competing devices, especially for short range and high data rate applications in home networks. In this paper we use analytical modeling to study the performance analysis of WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3) MAC in terms of throughput, efficient bandwidth utilization, and delay with various ACK policies under error channel condition. This allows us to introduce a K-Dly-ACK-AGG policy, payload size adjustment mechanism, and Improved Backoff algorithm to improve the performance of the WPAN MAC. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the impact of our improvements on network capacity. Moreover, these results can be very useful to WPAN application designers and protocol architects to easily and correctly implement WPAN for home networking

Design and implementation of application-specific medium access control protocol for scalable smart home embedded systems

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2016By incorporating electrical devices, appliances and house features in a system that is controlled and monitored either remotely or on-site, smart home technologies have recently gained an increasing popularity. There are several smart home systems already available, ranging from simple on-site home monitoring to self-learning and Wi-Fi enabled systems. However, current systems do not fully make use of recent technological advancement and synergy among a variable number of sensors for improved data collection. For a synergistic system to be provident it needs to be modular and scalable to match exact user needs (type of applications and adequate number of sensors for each application). With an increased number of sensors intelligently placed to optimize the data collection, a wireless network is indispensable for a flexible and inexpensive installation. Such a network requires an efficient medium access control protocol to sustain a reliable system, provide flexibility in design and to achieve lower power consumption. This thesis brings to light practical ways to improve current smart home systems. As the main contribution of this work, we introduce a novel application-specific medium access control protocol able to support suggested improvements. In addition, a smart home prototype system is implemented to evaluate the protocol performance and prove concepts of recommended advances. This thesis covers the design of the proposed novel medium access protocol and the software/hardware implementation of the prototype system focusing on the monitoring and data analysis side, while providing inputs for the control side of the system. The smart home system prototype is Wi-Fi and Web connected, designed and implemented to emphasize system usability and energy efficiency

Development of an Embedded Smart Home System

Smart home systems are expected to become key research area for ubiquitous and embedded system computing in coming years. In this thesis, a new scheme in smart home systems technology using embedded system for providing intelligent control of home appliances is proposed. An embedded system act as protocol glue that incorporates wired and wireless option such as Short Message Service (SMS) router with wireless local area network (WI-FI) for intelligent automation and higher speed of home appliances connectivity. The system is implemented in 2 tier models. First-tier model consist of incorporated design of SMS Router and Wireless Access Point. Wireless local area network (WI-FI) is selected as mechanism due to its transmission range within 100m which suits the smart home requirement for automation and control, justifies the Personal Area Network (PAN) for mobile device connectivity. Second tier model consist of remote application server systems, which cater a conceptual model between embedded hardware and software integration of appliances in smart home. This interface model will be between in house networks and external communication environment, whereas embedded system acts as storage media and server for information interchange between systems especially with mobile devices within a smart home. Embedded system sits at the core of the home network, acts as residential gateway and enables bi-directional communication and data transfer channel among networked appliances in the home and across the Internet. On the other hand, client-side application provides a user-friendly Graphic User Interface (GUI) to enhance the usability of the system. The proposed embedded system has been implemented and verified that the system can be a core device for smart home environment functionality

Development of an IoT system with smart charging current control for electric vehicles

This paper presents the development and test of an Internet of Things (IoT) system for monitoring and control of electric vehicles. The IoT architecture, which was developed using the Firebase platform, allows the synchronization of the vehicles' data to the online server, as well as the access to the data outside of the vehicle, though the Internet. The smart charging system proposed in this paper allows the control of the electric vehicle's battery charging current in real time, based on the demand at the residence (home current), which is measured using a residential wireless sensor network (WSN). An Android mobile app was developed to access the vehicle's data. This app communicates with the wireless sensor nodes of an intra-vehicular wireless sensor network (IVWSN), which was developed using the Bluetooth Low Energy (RLE) protocol. A real time notification system was also implemented to alert users about certain events, such as low battery and full battery charge. The main features of the proposed IoT system are validated through experimental results.This work is supported by FCT with the reference project UID/EEA/04436/2013, COMPETE 2020 with the code POCI 01-0145-FEDER-006941

The Design, Building, and Testing of a Constant on Discreet Jammer for the Ieee 802.15.4/ZIGBEE Wireless Communication Protocol

As wireless protocols become easier to implement, more products come with wireless connectivity. This latest push for wireless connectivity has left a gap in the development of the security and the reliability of some protocols. These wireless protocols can be used in the growing field of IoT where wireless sensors are used to share information throughout a network. IoT is being implemented in homes, agriculture, manufactory, and in the medical field. Disrupting a wireless device from proper communication could potentially result in production loss, security issues, and bodily harm. The 802.15.4/ZigBee protocol is used in low power, low data rate, and low cost wireless applications such as medical devices and home automation devices. This protocol uses CSMA-CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Avoidance) which allows for multiple ZigBee devices to transmit simultaneousness and allows for wireless coexistence with the existing protocols at the same frequency band. The CSMA-CA MAC layer seems to introduce an unintentional gap in the reliability of the protocol. By creating a 16-tone signal with center frequencies located in the center of the multiple access channels, all channels will appear to be in use and the ZigBee device will be unable to transmit data. The jamming device will be created using the following hardware implementation. An FPGA connected to a high-speed Digital to Analog Converter will be used to create a digital signal synthesizer device that will create the 16-tone signal. The 16-tone signal will then be mixed up to the 2.4 GHz band, amplified, and radiated using a 2.4 GHz up-converter device. The transmitted jamming signal will cause the ZigBee MAC layer to wait indefinitely for the channel to clear. Since the channel will not clear, the MAC layer will not allow any transmission and the ZigBee devices will not communicate

Wireless Sensor Networking in Challenging Environments

Recent years have witnessed growing interest in deploying wireless sensing applications in real-world environments. For example, home automation systems provide fine-grained metering and control of home appliances in residential settings. Similarly, assisted living applications employ wireless sensors to provide continuous health and wellness monitoring in homes. However, real deployments of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) pose significant challenges due to their low-power radios and uncontrolled ambient environments. Our empirical study in over 15 real-world apartments shows that low-power WSNs based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard are highly susceptible to external interference beyond user control, such as Wi-Fi access points, Bluetooth peripherals, cordless phones, and numerous other devices prevalent in residential environments that share the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band with IEEE 802.15.4 radios. To address these real-world challenges, we developed two practical wireless network protocols including the Adaptive and Robust Channel Hopping (ARCH) protocol and the Adaptive Energy Detection Protocol (AEDP). ARCH enhances network reliability through opportunistically changing radio\u27s frequency to avoid interference and environmental noise and AEDP reduces false wakeups in noisy wireless environments by dynamically adjusting the wakeup threshold of low-power radios. Another major trend in WSNs is the convergence with smart phones. To deal with the dynamic wireless conditions and varying application requirements of mobile users, we developed the Self-Adapting MAC Layer (SAML) to support adaptive communication between smart phones and wireless sensors. SAML dynamically selects and switches Medium Access Control protocols to accommodate changes in ambient conditions and application requirements. Compared with the residential and personal wireless systems, industrial applications pose unique challenges due to their critical demands on reliability and real-time performance. We developed an experimental testbed by realizing key network mechanisms of industrial Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs) and conducted an empirical study that revealed the limitations and potential enhancements of those mechanisms. Our study shows that graph routing is more resilient to interference and its backup routes may be heavily used in noisy environments, which demonstrate the necessity of path diversity for reliable WSANs. Our study also suggests that combining channel diversity with retransmission may effectively reduce the burstiness of transmission failures and judicious allocation of multiple transmissions in a shared slot can effectively improve network capacity without significantly impacting reliability

A Smart Bluetooth-based Ad Hoc Management System for Appliances in Home Environments

The number of home devices integrating new technologies is continuously increasing. These advances allow us to improve our daily routines. In addition, the improvement in network infrastructure and the development of smart phones and mobile devices allow us access from any place to any of our systems over the Internet. Bearing in mind this idea, we have developed a low-cost ad hoc protocol based on Bluetooth technology that allows us to control all our home appliances and monitor the power consumption of our homes. Our proposal is based on an Android application installed on a mobile device which acts as server. The application allows users to program the various appliances. It is also able to check the status of the appliance, as well as controlling the power consumption of the house and its cost. The system is equipped with a smart algorithm able to manage all appliances and decide which ones should work as a function of various criteria such as time of day or power consumption. Finally, the system is able to detect faults in water and electricity supply for acting accordingly. All data received and sent by the server are stored in a database which the system can check and compare to make their own decisions.Sendra, S.; Laborda, A.; Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J. (2015). A Smart Bluetooth-based Ad Hoc Management System for Appliances in Home Environments. Springer Verlag (Germany): LNCS. 8487:128-141. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07425-2_10S1281418487Garcia, M., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Canovas, A.: Saving energy and improving communications using cooperative group-based Wireless Sensor Networks. Telecommunication Systems 52(4), 2489–2502 (2013)Liu, Y., Zhou, G.: Technologies and Applications of Internet of Things. In: Proceedings of 2012 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA), Zhangjiajie, China, January 12-14, pp. 197–200 (2012)Aiello, M.: The Role of Web Services at Home. 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Modelling the IEEE 802.11 wireless MAC layer under heterogeneous VoIP traffic to evaluate and dimension QoE

PhDAs computers become more popular in the home and workplace, sharing resources and Internet access locally is a necessity. The simplest method of choice is by deploying a Wireless Local Area Network; they are inexpensive, easy to configure and require minimal infrastructure. The wireless local area network of choice is the IEEE 802.11 standard; IEEE 802.11, however, is now being implemented on larger scales outside of the original scope of usage. The realistic usage spans from small scale home solutions to commercial ‘hot spots,’ providing access within medium size areas such as cafés, and more recently blanket coverage in metropolitan. Due to increasing Internet availability and faster network access, in both wireless and wired, the concept of using such networks for real-time services such as internet telephony is also becoming popular. IEEE 802.11 wireless access is shared with many clients on a single channel and there are three non-overlapping channels available. As more stations communicate on a single channel there is increased contention resulting in longer delays due to the backoff overhead of the IEEE 802.11 protocol and hence loss and delay variation; not desirable for time critical traffic. Simulation of such networks demands super-computing resource, particularly where there are over a dozen clients on a given. Fortunately, the author has access to the UK’s super computers and therefore a clear motivation to develop a state of the art analytical model with the required resources to validate. The goal was to develop an analytical model to deal with realistic IEEE 802.11 deployments and derive results without the need for super computers. A network analytical model is derived to model the characteristics of the IEEE 802.11 protocol from a given scenario, including the number of clients and the traffic load of each. The model is augmented from an existing published saturated case, where each client is assumed to always have traffic to transmit. The nature of the analytical model is to allow stations to have a variable load, which is achieved by modifying the existing models and then to allow stations to operate with different traffic profiles. The different traffic profiles, for each station, is achieved by using the augmented model state machine per station and distributing the probabilities to each station’s state machine accordingly. To address the gap between the analytical models medium access delay and standard network metrics which include the effects of buffering traffic, a queueing model is identified and augmented which transforms the medium access delay into standard network metrics; delay, loss and jitter. A Quality of Experience framework, for both computational and analytical results, is investigated to allow the results to be represented as user perception scores and the acceptable voice call carrying capacity found. To find the acceptable call carrying capacity, the ITU-T G.107 E-Model is employed which can be used to give each client a perception rating in terms of user satisfaction. PAGE 4 OF 162 QUEEN MARY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON OLIVER SHEPHERD With the use of a novel framework, benchmarking results show that there is potential to maximise the number of calls carried by the network with an acceptable user perception rating. Dimensioning of the network is undertaken, again compared with simulation from the super computers, to highlight the usefulness of the analytical model and framework and provides recommendations for network configurations, particularly for the latest Wireless Multimedia extensions available in IEEE 802.11. Dimensioning shows an overall increase of acceptable capacity of 43%; from 7 to 10 bidirectional calls per Access Point by using a tuned transmission opportunity to allow each station to send 4 packets per transmission. It is found that, although the accuracy of the results from the analytical model is not precise, the model achieves a 1 in 13,000 speed up compared to simulation. Results show that the point of maximum calls comes close to simulation with the analytical model and framework and can be used as a guide to configure the network. Alternatively, for specific capacity figures, the model can be used to home-in on the optimal region for further experiments and therefore achievable with standard computational resource, i.e. desktop machines

A Network Algorithm for 3D/2D IPTV Distribution using WiMAX and WLAN Technologies

The final publication is available at link.springer.comThe appearance of new broadband wireless technologies jointly with the ability to offer enough quality of service to provide IPTV over them, have made possible the mobility and ubiquity of any type of device to access the IPTV network. The minimum bandwidth required in the access network to provide appropriate quality 3D/2D IPTV services jointly with the need to guarantee the Quality of Experience (QoE) to the end user, makes the need of algorithms that should be able to combine different wireless standards and technologies. In this paper, we propose a network algorithm that manages the IPTV access network and decides which type of wireless technology the customers should connect with when using multiband devices, depending on the requirements of the IPTV client device, the available networks, and some network parameters (such as the number of loss packets and packet delay), to provide the maximum QoE to the customer. The measurements taken in a real environment from several wireless networks allow us to know the performance of the proposed system when it selects each one of them. The measurements taken from a test bench demonstrate the success of our system.This work has been partially supported by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, though the PAID-15-10 multidisciplinary projects, by the Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetGNA), Portugal, and by National Funding from the FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through the PEst-OE/EEI/LA0008/2011 Project.Lloret, J.; Cánovas Solbes, A.; Rodrigues, JJPC.; Lin, K. (2013). A Network Algorithm for 3D/2D IPTV Distribution using WiMAX and WLAN Technologies. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 67(1):7-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0929-4S730671Abukharis S, MacKenzie R, Farrell TO (2009) Improving QoS of Video Transmitted Over 802.11 WLANs Using Frame Aggregation. 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