A chronological literature review of electric vehicle interactions with power distribution systems

In the last decade, the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) has been largely promoted. This development has increased challenges in the power systems in the context of planning and operation due to the massive amount of recharge needed for EVs. Furthermore, EVs may also offer new opportunities and can be used to support the grid to provide auxiliary services. In this regard, and considering the research around EVs and power grids, this paper presents a chronological background review of EVs and their interactions with power systems, particularly electric distribution networks, considering publications from the IEEE Xplore database. The review is extended from 1973 to 2019 and is developed via systematic classification using key categories that describe the types of interactions between EVs and power grids. These interactions are in the framework of the power quality, study of scenarios, electricity markets, demand response, demand management, power system stability, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept, and optimal location of battery swap and charging stations.Introduction General Overview Chronological Review: Part I Chronological Review: Part II Brief Observations Conclusions and Future Works Final Reflections Author Contributions Funding Acknowledgments Conflicts of Interest Reference

Cloud-based charging management of heterogeneous electric vehicles in a network of charging stations : price incentive vs. capacity expansion

This paper presents a novel cloud-based charging management system for electric vehicles (EVs). Two levels of cloud computing, i.e., local and remote cloud, are employed to meet the different latency requirements of the heterogeneous EVs while exploiting the lower-cost computing in remote clouds. Specifically, we consider time-sensitive EVs at highway exit charging stations and EVs with relaxed timing constraints at parking lot charging stations. We propose algorithms for the interplay among EVs, charging stations, system operator, and clouds. Considering the contention-based random access for EVs to a 4G Long-Term Evolution network, and the quality of service metrics (average waiting time and blocking probability), the model is composed of: queuing-based cloud server planning, capacity planning in charging stations, delay analysis, and profit maximization. We propose and analyze a price-incentive method that shifts heavy load from peak to off-peak hours, a capacity expansion method that accommodates the peak demand by purchasing additional electricity, and a hybrid method of prince-incentive and capacity expansion that balances the immediate charging needs of customers with the alleviation of the peak power grid load through price-incentive based demand control. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and elucidate the tradeoffs between the methods

Upgrading the Power Grid Functionalities with Broadband Power Line Communications: Basis, Applications, Current Trends and Challenges

This article reviews the basis and the main aspects of the recent evolution of Broadband Power Line Communications (BB-PLC or, more commonly, BPL) technologies. The article starts describing the organizations and alliances involved in the development and evolution of BPL systems, as well as the standardization institutions working on PLC technologies. Then, a short description of the technical foundation of the recent proposed technologies and a comparison of the main specifications are presented; the regulatory activities related to the limits of emissions and immunity are also addressed. Finally, some representative applications of BPL and some selected use cases enabled by these technologies are summarized, together with the main challenges to be faced.This work was financially supported in part by the Basque Government under the grants IT1426-22, PRE_2021_1_0006, and PRE_2021_1_0051, and by the Spanish Government under the grants PID2021-124706OB-I00 and RTI2018-099162-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”)

Electric scooter safety: An integrative review of evidence from transport and medical research domains

Safe mobility is a prerequisite in the paradigm shift toward sustainable cities and societies. Yet, the serious safety concerns associated with the practice of emerging modes such as electric scooters (e-scooters) are a major challenge for a smooth adoption of these transport modes. We have systematically reviewed peer-reviewed e-scooter safety papers with a primary focus on transport and a secondary focus on medical research domains. Our findings suggest a dire need for analysing interactions of e-scooters with other road users, and, subsequently, adopting surrogate safety measures for e-scooters. Also, it is determined that head and face injuries are the most common injury types for e-scooter riders involved in collisions. The absence of uniform regulations for the practice of e-scooters could potentially affect their safe adoption. The findings highlight the importance of providing uniform regulations for safety gears as well as the prevention of riding under the influence

Coordinated charging strategy for a network of photovoltaic charging stations (PVCSs) : a trade-off between stations operator and electric vehicles (EVs) users

La movilidad eléctrica se ha posicionado con fuerza en los últimos años como una de las tendencias de transporte. Esta tecnología se ha consolidado como una alternativa prometedora para dar respuesta al impacto ambiental causado por el sistema de transporte actual. Por lo tanto, se han realizado esfuerzos para incentivar e impulsar el uso de vehículos eléctricos, dando como resultado un rápido crecimiento de este mercado. A pesar de las ventajas que puede brindar la movilidad eléctrica, aun se debe hacer frente a ciertos retos que trae una implementación masiva de esta tecnología. Entre estos retos se encuentran el tener una infraestructura de carga y un suministro energético adecuado para abastecer la recarga de los vehículos. Para incentivar la adopción de esta tecnología, es necesario analizar alternativas para la recarga y la gestión inteligente de estas, por lo cual, se han desarrollado esquemas y estrategias de carga coordinada que permiten controlar la operación de los puntos de carga. Además, el crecimiento del mercado de los vehículos eléctricos conlleva a una mayor demanda energética sobre la red de distribución, por lo cual, la integración de fuentes energéticas alternativas, como la energía fotovoltaica, en la infraestructura de carga ha surgido como solución para satisfacer, de manera limpia y equilibrada, la necesidad de complementar la energía disponible para la carga de estos vehículos

Smart charging strategies for electric vehicle charging stations

Although the concept of transportation electrification holds enormous prospects in addressing the global environmental pollution problem, consumer concerns over the limited availability of charging stations and long charging/waiting times are major contributors to the slow uptake of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in many countries. To address the consumer concerns, many countries have undertaken projects to deploy a network of both fast and slow charging stations, commonly known as electric vehicle charging networks. While a large electric vehicle charging network will certainly be helpful in addressing PEV owners\u27 concerns, the full potential of this network cannot be realised without the implementation of smart charging strategies. For example, the charging load distribution in an EV charging network would be expected to be skewed towards stations located in hotspot areas, instigating longer queues and waiting times in these areas, particularly during afternoon peak traffic hours. This can also lead to a major challenge for the utilities in the form of an extended PEV charging load period, which could overlap with residential evening peak load hours, increasing peak demand and causing serious issues including network instability and power outages. This thesis presents a smart charging strategy for EV charging networks. The proposed smart charging strategy finds the optimum charging station for a PEV owner to ensure minimum charging time, travel time and charging cost. The problem is modelled as a multi-objective optimisation problem. A metaheuristic solution in the form of ant colony optimisation (ACO) is applied to solve the problem. Considering the influence of pricing on PEV owners\u27 behaviour, the smart charging strategy is then extended to address the charging load imbalance problem in the EV network. A coordinated dynamic pricing model is presented to reduce the load imbalance, which contributes to a reduction in overlaps between residential and charging loads. A constraint optimization problem is formulated and a heuristic solution is introduced to minimize the overlap between the PEV and residential peak load periods. In the last part of this thesis, a smart management strategy for portable charging stations (PCSs) is introduced. It is shown that when smartly managed, PCSs can play an important role in the reduction of waiting times in an EV charging network. A new strategy is proposed for dispatching/allocating PCSs during various hours of the day to reduce waiting times at public charging stations. This also helps to decrease the overlap between the total PEV demand and peak residential load