A Survey on LoRaWAN Technology: Recent Trends, Opportunities, Simulation Tools and Future Directions

Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption). Between all obtainable LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) technology has attracted much interest from both industry and academia due to networking autonomous architecture and an open standard specification. This paper presents a comparative review of five selected driving LPWAN technologies, including NB-IoT, SigFox, Telensa, Ingenu (RPMA), and LoRa/LoRaWAN. The comparison shows that LoRa/LoRaWAN and SigFox surpass other technologies in terms of device lifetime, network capacity, adaptive data rate, and cost. In contrast, NB-IoT technology excels in latency and quality of service. Furthermore, we present a technical overview of LoRa/LoRaWAN technology by considering its main features, opportunities, and open issues. We also compare the most important simulation tools for investigating and analyzing LoRa/LoRaWAN network performance that has been developed recently. Then, we introduce a comparative evaluation of LoRa simulators to highlight their features. Furthermore, we classify the recent efforts to improve LoRa/LoRaWAN performance in terms of energy consumption, pure data extraction rate, network scalability, network coverage, quality of service, and security. Finally, although we focus more on LoRa/LoRaWAN issues and solutions, we introduce guidance and directions for future research on LPWAN technologies

Wireless Network Communications Overview for Space Mission Operations

The mission of the On-Board Wireless Working Group (WWG) is to serve as a general CCSDS focus group for intra-vehicle wireless technologies. The WWG investigates and makes recommendations pursuant to standardization of applicable wireless network protocols, ensuring the interoperability of independently developed wireless communication assets. This document presents technical background information concerning uses and applicability of wireless networking technologies for space missions. Agency-relevant driving scenarios, for which wireless network communications will provide a significant return-on-investment benefiting the participating international agencies, are used to focus the scope of the enclosed technical information

Communications protocols for wireless sensor networks in perturbed environment

This thesis is mainly in the Smart Grid (SG) domain. SGs improve the safety of electrical networks and allow a more adapted use of electricity storage, available in a limited way. SGs also increase overall energy efficiency by reducing peak consumption. The use of this technology is the most appropriate solution because it allows more efficient energy management. In this context, manufacturers such as Hydro-Quebec deploy sensor networks in the nerve centers to control major equipment. To reduce deployment costs and cabling complexity, the option of a wireless sensor network seems the most obvious solution. However, deploying a sensor network requires in-depth knowledge of the environment. High voltages substations are strategic points in the power grid and generate impulse noise that can degrade the performance of wireless communications. The works in this thesis are focused on the development of high performance communication protocols for the profoundly disturbed environments. For this purpose, we have proposed an approach based on the concatenation of rank metric and convolutional coding with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. This technique is very efficient in reducing the bursty nature of impulsive noise while having a quite low level of complexity. Another solution based on a multi-antenna system is also designed. We have proposed a cooperative closed-loop coded MIMO system based on rank metric code and max−dmin precoder. The second technique is also an optimal solution for both improving the reliability of the system and energy saving in wireless sensor networks

Architecture and algorithms for the implementation of digital wireless receivers in FPGA and ASIC: ISDB-T and DVB-S2 cases

[EN] The first generation of Terrestrial Digital Television(DTV) has been in service for over a decade. In 2013, several countries have already completed the transition from Analog to Digital TV Broadcasting, most of which in Europe. In South America, after several studies and trials, Brazil adopted the Japanese standard with some innovations. Japan and Brazil started Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) services in December 2003 and December 2007 respectively, using Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial (ISDB-T), also known as ARIB STD-B31. In June 2005 the Committee for the Information Technology Area (CATI) of Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation MCTI approved the incorporation of the IC-Brazil Program, in the National Program for Microelectronics (PNM) . The main goals of IC-Brazil are the formal qualification of IC designers, support to the creation of semiconductors companies focused on projects of ICs within Brazil, and the attraction of semiconductors companies focused on the design and development of ICs in Brazil. The work presented in this thesis originated from the unique momentum created by the combination of the birth of Digital Television in Brazil and the creation of the IC-Brazil Program by the Brazilian government. Without this combination it would not have been possible to make these kind of projects in Brazil. These projects have been a long and costly journey, albeit scientifically and technologically worthy, towards a Brazilian DTV state-of-the-art low complexity Integrated Circuit, with good economy scale perspectives, due to the fact that at the beginning of this project ISDB-T standard was not adopted by several countries like DVB-T. During the development of the ISDB-T receiver proposed in this thesis, it was realized that due to the continental dimensions of Brazil, the DTTB would not be enough to cover the entire country with open DTV signal, specially for the case of remote localizations far from the high urban density regions. Then, Eldorado Research Institute and Idea! Electronic Systems, foresaw that, in a near future, there would be an open distribution system for high definition DTV over satellite, in Brazil. Based on that, it was decided by Eldorado Research Institute, that would be necessary to create a new ASIC for broadcast satellite reception. At that time DVB-S2 standard was the strongest candidate for that, and this assumption still stands nowadays. Therefore, it was decided to apply to a new round of resources funding from the MCTI - that was granted - in order to start the new project. This thesis discusses in details the Architecture and Algorithms proposed for the implementation of a low complexity Intermediate Frequency(IF) ISDB-T Receiver on Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) CMOS. The Architecture proposed here is highly based on the COordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) Algorithm, that is a simple and efficient algorithm suitable for VLSI implementations. The receiver copes with the impairments inherent to wireless channels transmission and the receiver crystals. The thesis also discusses the Methodology adopted and presents the implementation results. The receiver performance is presented and compared to those obtained by means of simulations. Furthermore, the thesis also presents the Architecture and Algorithms for a DVB-S2 receiver targeting its ASIC implementation. However, unlike the ISDB-T receiver, only preliminary ASIC implementation results are introduced. This was mainly done in order to have an early estimation of die area to prove that the project in ASIC is economically viable, as well as to verify possible bugs in early stage. As in the case of ISDB-T receiver, this receiver is highly based on CORDIC algorithm and it was prototyped in FPGA. The Methodology used for the second receiver is derived from that used for the ISDB-T receiver, with minor additions given the project characteristics.[ES] La primera generación de Televisión Digital Terrestre(DTV) ha estado en servicio por más de una década. En 2013, varios países completaron la transición de transmisión analógica a televisión digital, la mayoría de ellas en Europa. En América del Sur, después de varios estudios y ensayos, Brasil adoptó el estándar japonés con algunas innovaciones. Japón y Brasil comenzaron a prestar el servicio de Difusión de Televisión Digital Terrestre (DTTB) en diciembre de 2003 y diciembre de 2007 respectivamente, utilizando Radiodifusión Digital de Servicios Integrados Terrestres (ISDB-T), también conocida como ARIB STD-B31. En junio de 2005, el Comité del Área de Tecnología de la Información (CATI) del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Brasil - MCTI aprobó la incorporación del Programa CI-Brasil, en el Programa Nacional de Microelectrónica (PNM). Los principales objetivos de la CI-Brasil son la formación de diseñadores de CIs, apoyar la creación de empresas de semiconductores enfocadas en proyectos de circuitos integrados dentro de Brasil, y la atracción de empresas de semiconductores interesadas en el diseño y desarrollo de circuitos integrados. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se originó en el impulso único creado por la combinación del nacimiento de la televisión digital en Brasil y la creación del Programa de CI-Brasil por el gobierno brasileño. Sin esta combinación no hubiera sido posible realizar este tipo de proyectos en Brasil. Estos proyectos han sido un trayecto largo y costoso, aunque meritorio desde el punto de vista científico y tecnológico, hacia un Circuito Integrado brasileño de punta y de baja complejidad para DTV, con buenas perspectivas de economía de escala debido al hecho que al inicio de este proyecto, el estándar ISDB-T no fue adoptado por varios países como DVB-T. Durante el desarrollo del receptor ISDB-T propuesto en esta tesis, se observó que debido a las dimensiones continentales de Brasil, la DTTB no sería suficiente para cubrir todo el país con la señal de televisión digital abierta, especialmente para el caso de localizaciones remotas, apartadas de las regiones de alta densidad urbana. En ese momento, el Instituto de Investigación Eldorado e Idea! Sistemas Electrónicos, previeron que en un futuro cercano habría un sistema de distribución abierto para DTV de alta definición por satélite en Brasil. Con base en eso, el Instituto de Investigación Eldorado decidió que sería necesario crear un nuevo ASIC para la recepción de radiodifusión por satélite, basada el estándar DVB-S2. En esta tesis se analiza en detalle la Arquitectura y algoritmos propuestos para la implementación de un receptor ISDB-T de baja complejidad y frecuencia intermedia (IF) en un Circuito Integrado de Aplicación Específica (ASIC) CMOS. La arquitectura aquí propuesta se basa fuertemente en el algoritmo Computadora Digital para Rotación de Coordenadas (CORDIC), el cual es un algoritmo simple, eficiente y adecuado para implementaciones VLSI. El receptor hace frente a las deficiencias inherentes a las transmisiones por canales inalámbricos y los cristales del receptor. La tesis también analiza la metodología adoptada y presenta los resultados de la implementación. Por otro lado, la tesis también presenta la arquitectura y los algoritmos para un receptor DVB-S2 dirigido a la implementación en ASIC. Sin embargo, a diferencia del receptor ISDB-T, se introducen sólo los resultados preliminares de implementación en ASIC. Esto se hizo principalmente con el fin de tener una estimación temprana del área del die para demostrar que el proyecto en ASIC es económicamente viable, así como para verificar posibles errores en etapa temprana. Como en el caso de receptor ISDB-T, este receptor se basa fuertemente en el algoritmo CORDIC y fue un prototipado en FPGA. La metodología utilizada para el segundo receptor se deriva de la utilizada para el re[CA] La primera generació de Televisió Digital Terrestre (TDT) ha estat en servici durant més d'una dècada. En 2013, diversos països ja van completar la transició de la radiodifusió de televisió analògica a la digital, i la majoria van ser a Europa. A Amèrica del Sud, després de diversos estudis i assajos, Brasil va adoptar l'estàndard japonés amb algunes innovacions. Japó i Brasil van començar els servicis de Radiodifusió de Televisió Terrestre Digital (DTTB) al desembre de 2003 i al desembre de 2007, respectivament, utilitzant la Radiodifusió Digital amb Servicis Integrats de (ISDB-T), coneguda com a ARIB STD-B31. Al juny de 2005, el Comité de l'Àrea de Tecnologia de la Informació (CATI) del Ministeri de Ciència i Tecnologia i Innovació del Brasil (MCTI) va aprovar la incorporació del programa CI Brasil al Programa Nacional de Microelectrònica (PNM). Els principals objectius de CI Brasil són la qualificació formal dels dissenyadors de circuits integrats, el suport a la creació d'empreses de semiconductors centrades en projectes de circuits integrats dins del Brasil i l'atracció d'empreses de semiconductors centrades en el disseny i desenvolupament de circuits integrats. El treball presentat en esta tesi es va originar en l'impuls únic creat per la combinació del naixement de la televisió digital al Brasil i la creació del programa Brasil CI pel govern brasiler. Sense esta combinació no hauria estat possible realitzar este tipus de projectes a Brasil. Estos projectes han suposat un viatge llarg i costós, tot i que digne científicament i tecnològica, cap a un circuit integrat punter de baixa complexitat per a la TDT brasilera, amb bones perspectives d'economia d'escala perquè a l'inici d'este projecte l'estàndard ISDB-T no va ser adoptat per diversos països, com el DVB-T. Durant el desenvolupament del receptor de ISDB-T proposat en esta tesi, va resultar que, a causa de les dimensions continentals de Brasil, la DTTB no seria suficient per cobrir tot el país amb el senyal de TDT oberta, especialment pel que fa a les localitzacions remotes allunyades de les regions d'alta densitat urbana.. En este moment, l'Institut de Recerca Eldorado i Idea! Sistemes Electrònics van preveure que, en un futur pròxim, no hi hauria a Brasil un sistema de distribució oberta de TDT d'alta definició a través de satèl¿lit. D'acord amb això, l'Institut de Recerca Eldorado va decidir que seria necessari crear un nou ASIC per a la recepció de radiodifusió per satèl¿lit. basat en l'estàndard DVB-S2. En esta tesi s'analitza en detall l'arquitectura i els algorismes proposats per l'execució d'un receptor ISDB-T de Freqüència Intermèdia (FI) de baixa complexitat sobre CMOS de Circuit Integrat d'Aplicacions Específiques (ASIC). L'arquitectura ací proposada es basa molt en l'algorisme de l'Ordinador Digital de Rotació de Coordenades (CORDIC), que és un algorisme simple i eficient adequat per implementacions VLSI. El receptor fa front a les deficiències inherents a la transmissió de canals sense fil i els cristalls del receptor. Esta tesi també analitza la metodologia adoptada i presenta els resultats de l'execució. Es presenta el rendiment del receptor i es compara amb els obtinguts per mitjà de simulacions. D'altra banda, esta tesi també presenta l'arquitectura i els algorismes d'un receptor de DVB-S2 de cara a la seua implementació en ASIC. No obstant això, a diferència del receptor ISDB-T, només s'introdueixen resultats preliminars d'implementació en ASIC. Això es va fer principalment amb la finalitat de tenir una estimació primerenca de la zona de dau per demostrar que el projecte en ASIC és econòmicament viable, així com per verificar possibles errors en l'etapa primerenca. Com en el cas del receptor ISDB-T, este receptor es basa molt en l'algorisme CORDIC i va ser un prototip de FPGA. La metodologia utilitzada per al segon receptor es deriva de la utilitzada per al receptor IRodrigues De Lima, E. (2016). Architecture and algorithms for the implementation of digital wireless receivers in FPGA and ASIC: ISDB-T and DVB-S2 cases [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61967TESI

Wireless Sensor Networks

The aim of this book is to present few important issues of WSNs, from the application, design and technology points of view. The book highlights power efficient design issues related to wireless sensor networks, the existing WSN applications, and discusses the research efforts being undertaken in this field which put the reader in good pace to be able to understand more advanced research and make a contribution in this field for themselves. It is believed that this book serves as a comprehensive reference for graduate and undergraduate senior students who seek to learn latest development in wireless sensor networks

Analog-to-digital interface design in wireless receivers

As one of the major building blocks in a wireless receiver, the Analog-to-Digital Interface (ADI) provides link and transition between the analog Radio Frequency (RF) frontend and the baseband Digital Signal Processing (DSP) module. The rapid development of the radio technologies raises new design challenges for the receiver ADI implementation. Requirements, such as power consumption optimization, multi-standard compatibility, fast settling capability and wide signal bandwidth capacity, are often encountered in a low voltage ADI design environment. Previous research offers ADI design schemes that emphasize individual merit. A systematic ADI design methodology is, however, not suffciently studied. In this work, the ADI design for two receiver systems are employed as research vehicles to provide solutions for different ADI design issues. A zero-crossing demodulator ADI is designed in the 0.35µm CMOS technology for the Bluetooth receiver to provide fast settling. Architectural level modification improves the process variation and the Local Oscillation (LO) frequency offset immunity of the demodulator. A 16.2dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at 0.1% Bit Error Rate (BER) is achieved with less than 9mW power dissipation in the lab measurement. For ADI in the 802.11b/Bluetooth dual-mode receiver, a configurable time-interleaved pipeline Analog-to-Digital-Converter (ADC) structure is adopted to provide the required multi-standard compatibility. An online digital calibration scheme is also proposed to compensate process variation and mismatching. The prototype chip is fabricated in the 0.25µm BiCMOS technology. Experimentally, an SNR of 60dB and 64dB are obtained under the 802.11b and Bluetooth receiving modes, respectively. The power consumption of the ADI is 20.2mW under the 802.11b receiving mode and 14.8mW under the Bluetooth mode. In this dissertation, each step of the receiver ADI design procedure, from system level optimization to the transistor level implementation and lab measurement, is illustrated in detail. The observations are carefully studied to provide insight on receiver ADI design issues. The ADI design for the Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) receiver is also studied at system level. Potential ADI structure is proposed to satisfy the wide signal bandwidth and high speed requirement for future applications

Embedded System for Construction Material Tracking Using Combination of Radio Frequency and Ultrasound Signal

This study created a framework for integrating the latest innovations in wireless sensor network that automate tracking and monitoring construction assets, e.g. equipment, materials, and labor in construction sites. This research constitutes one of the few studies to incorporate emerging information and sensor network technologies with the construction industry, which has been slow to migrate away from legacy processes. The presented research works introduce a new prototype framework of an automated tracking system that will address the needed shift from the time-and labor-intensive legacy systems to sensor- and network-based collaboration and communication systems for construction processes. Software and hardware architecture for the new tracking system was developed using the combination of ultrasound and radio signals. By embedding the external ultrasound device with a MICAZ platform, enhancements to networking flexibility and wireless communication was observed over the previous technologies used in the construction material tracking systems. Feasibility study and testbed experiment on the position estimation were implemented to verify the localization algorithm presented in this dissertation. Cost benefit analysis based on quantitative approach implied that the presented framework can save the implementation cost of material tracking by up to 64 percent in a typical construction project. In addition to cost savings, the use of sensor-based tracking system can provide the intangible, comprehensive benefits in communication, labor utilization, document management, and resource management. It is hoped that the present work will describe a system that can effectively be used in a range of applications for tracking and monitoring purposes and will present a clear path that engineers can take to use existing wireless sensor technology in their particular applications. The cost of such hardware will decrease rapidly, thereby permitting large numbers of application scenarios to be possible in many construction sites with improved energy consumption, hardware performance, durability, and safety

Internet of Things From Hype to Reality

The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significant mindshare, let alone attention, in academia and the industry especially over the past few years. The reasons behind this interest are the potential capabilities that IoT promises to offer. On the personal level, it paints a picture of a future world where all the things in our ambient environment are connected to the Internet and seamlessly communicate with each other to operate intelligently. The ultimate goal is to enable objects around us to efficiently sense our surroundings, inexpensively communicate, and ultimately create a better environment for us: one where everyday objects act based on what we need and like without explicit instructions