REALIZATION OF REFUSALS IN HABIBURRAHMAN EL SHIRAZY’S AYAT-AYAT CINTA

ABSTRACT Refusal belongs to illocutionary acts of commissive. It occurs in all languages and is formulated differently based on their cultural background. People refuse either directly or indirectly. Beebe and Takahashi (1990) provided a classification of refusal strategy that can be used to analyze the form of refusal utterances. This study aims to discover the refusal strategies used in the novel of Ayat-ayat Cinta by Habiburrahman El Shirazy. The analysis was done to the speech act of refusals (SARs) in response to requests, questions, suggestions, orders, and invitations. The data were analyzed and categorized according to the refusal taxonomy by Beebe et al. The IFIDs are also used to indicate the performative verbs of refusals utterances. The finding showed that the refusers perform different SARs. Indirect SARs of excuse/reason/explanation, statement of principle, and statement of regret were the preferred formula used in refusing. Besides, the power relation of the refusers who were higher, equal, and lower also distinguished the choice of semantic formula. The indirect SAR of flat “no” was not much prefered by the three power relation of the refusers. The performative verbs used in the refusal utterances are “tell, ask, threaten, promise, request, inform, forbid, and beg”. Key words: speech acts of refusals, refusal strategy, directive speech acts xii INTISARI Penolakan merupakan tindak illokusi komisif. Tindak penolakan terjadi dalam semua bahasa dan dirumuskan secara berbeda berdasarkan latar belakang budayanya. Orang-orang melakukan penolakan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Beebe dan Takahashi (1990) membuat urutan formula semantik yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis bentuk strategi penolakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan formula semantik atau strategi-strategi penolakan yang digunakan dalam novel Ayat-ayat Cinta karangan Habiburrahman El Shirazy. Analisis dilakukan pada pada tindak tutur penolakan (SARs) terhadap tindak tutur permintaan, pertanyaan, saran, perintah, dan undangan. Data dianalisis dan dikelompokkan sesuai dengan taksonomi penolakan oleh Beebe dkk. Untuk melihat kata kerja performatif dalam tuturan-tuturan penolakan digunakan juga Piranti Daya Ilokusi (IFIDs). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa para penolak melakukan tindak tutur penolakan yang berbeda. Tindak tutur penolakan tidak langsung berupa alasan/keterangan, pernyataan prinsip, dan pernyataan penyesalan merupakan formula yang banyak digunakan dalam menolak. Selain itu, status sosial para penolak juga membedakan pemilihan formula semantik. Tindak tutur tidak langsung no tidak menjadi pilihan penolak dari ketiga status sosial. Kata kerja performatif yang digunakan dalam tuturantuturan penolakan adalah “tell, ask, threaten, promise, request, inform, forbid, and beg”. Kata kunci: tindak tutur penolakan, strategi penolakan, tindak tutur direkti

Persuasive Strategies Used in Jokowi's Speech in His Governor Election Campaign

This present study is conducted to find out the types of persuasive strategies which were used in Jokowi's speech. This study is aimed to seek the types of persuasive strategies and also the speech function related to the persuasive strategies used by Jokowi. This study is supported by Beebe & Beebe's theory of persuasive strategy (2012) and Holmes theory of speech function (1996). The writer analyzed the speech in a standup comedy used in Jokowi campaign in 5th October 2012. The writer found eight characteristics of persuasive strategies that Jokowi used: using evidence to tell a story , considering using appeals to several emotion (hope, courage, pride,) using specific evidence, using appropriate fear appear, using new evidence, and using concrete example that help your listener visualize what you describe. The writer also found the speech function that related in persuasive strategies in Jokowi's speech as being referential, directive, metalinguistic, expressive, and phatic

From Navas to Kaltoft: The European Court of Justice’s evolving definition of disability and the implications for HIV-positive individuals

This article will examine the definition of disability developed by the European Court of Justice for the purposes of the Employment Equality Directive and examine whether it is sufficient for the purpose of bringing People Living with HIV/AIDS within its scope. The article will argue that in order to adequately protect People Living with HIV/AIDS within the EU from discrimination, the European Court of Justice needs to ensure that a coherent EU wide definition of disability, based fully upon the social model of disability, is adopted. This is necessary in order to ensure adequate protection not only for People Living with HIV/AIDS but for all individuals with disabilities from discrimination throughout the EU. In addition to this central argument, this paper will argue that the lack of a coherent definition of disability grounded in the social model fragments protection for People Living with HIV/AIDS across the EU leading to a number of possible unintended consequences