An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks

In heterogeneous vehicular networks, the most challenging issue is obtaining an efficient vertical handover during the vehicle roaming process. Efficient network selection process can achieve satisfactory Quality of Service for ongoing applications. In this paper, we propose an Intelligent Network Selection (INS) scheme based on maximization scoring function to efficiently rank available wireless network candidates. Three input parameters were utilized to develop a maximization scoring function that collected data from each network candidate during the selection process. These parameters are: Faded Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Residual Channel Capacity, and Connection Life Time. The results show that the proposed INS scheme is more efficient at decreasing handover delays, End-to-End delays for VoIP and Video applications, packet loss ratios as well as increasing the efficiency of network selection processes in comparison with the state of the arts.Sadiq, AS.; Abu Bakar, K.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Lloret, J.; Khokhar, R. (2013). An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications. 18(6):879-895. doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0465-8S879895186Chen YS, Cheng CH, Hsu CS, Chiu GM (2009) Network mobility protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. In: Wireless communications and networking conference, IEEE, pp 1–6Ghafoor KZ, Abu Bakar K, Lee K, AL-Hashimi H (2010) A novel delay-and reliability-aware inter-vehicle routing protocol. Netw Protoc Algorithm 2(2):66–88Ghafoor KZ, Abu Bakar K, Lloret J, Khokhar RH, Lee KC (2013) Intelligent beaconless geographical forwarding for urban vehicular environments. Wirel netw 19(3):345–362Prakash A, Tripathi S, Verma R, Tyagi N, Tripathi R, Naik K (2011) Vehicle assisted cross-layer handover scheme in nemo-based vanets (vanemo). Int J Internet Protoc Technol 6(1):83–95Lee C-W, Chen MC, Sun YS (2013) Protocol and architecture supports for network mobility with qos-handover for high-velocity vehicles. Wirel Netw 19(5):811–830Pereira P, Casaca A, Rodrigues JJPC, Soares VNGJ, Triay Joan, Cervelló-Pastor C (2011) From delay-tolerant networks to vehicular delay-tolerant networks. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 1(4):1166–1182Lloret J, Canovas A, Catalá A, Garcia M (2013) Group-based protocol and mobility model for vanets to offer internet access. J Netw Comput Appl 36(3):10271038Ghafoor KZ, Lloret J, Abu Bakar K, Sadiq AS, Mussa SAB (2013) Beaconing approaches in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey. Wirel Pers Commun 1–28. doi: 10.1007/s11277-013-1222-9Wang L, Kuo G (2011) Mathematical modeling for network selection in heterogeneous wireless networks?a tutorial. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 15(1):271–292Nguyen-Vuong QT, Ghamri-Doudane Y, Agoulmine N (2008) On utility models for access network selection in wireless heterogeneous networks. In: Network operations and management symposium. Salvador, Bahia, pp 144–151Canovas A, Bri D, Sendra S, Lloret J (2012) Vertical WLAN handover algorithm and protocol to improve the IPTV QoS of the end user. ON, Ottawa, pp 1901–1905Varma VK, Ramesh S, Wong KD, Barton M, Hayward G, Friedhoffer JA (2003) Mobility management in integrated UMTS/WLAN networks. In: International conference on communications. 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Advances on Network Protocols and Algorithms for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging area of wireless ad hoc networks that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between smart vehicles through Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) or Vehicle-to-Roadside (V2R) and Roadside-to- Vehicle (R2V) communications. This emerging field of technology aims to improve safety of passengers and traffic flow, reduces pollution to the environment and enables in-vehicle entertainment applications. The safety-related applications could reduce accidents by providing drivers with traffic information such as collision avoidances, traffic flow alarms and road surface conditions. Moreover, the passengers could exploit an available infrastructure in order to connect to the internet for infomobility and entertainment applications.Lloret, J.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Rawat, DB.; Xia, F. (2013). Advances on Network Protocols and Algorithms for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications. 18(6):749-754. doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0490-7S749754186Lloret J, Canovas A, Catalá A, Garcia M (2013) Group-based protocol and mobility model for VANETs to offer internet access. J Netw Comput Appl 36(3):1027–1038. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2012.02.009Khokhar RH, Zia T, Ghafoor KZ, Lloret J, Shiraz M (2013) Realistic and efficient radio propagation model for V2X communications. KSII Trans Internet Inform Syst 7(8):1933–1953. doi: 10.3837/tiis.2013.08.011Ghafoor KZ (2013) Routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks: survey and research challenges, Netw Protocol Algorithm 5(4). doi: 10.5296/npa.v5i4.4134Ghafoor KZ, Bakar KA, Lloret J, Ke C-H, Lee KC (2013) Intelligent beaconless geographical routing for urban vehicular environments. Wirel Netw 19(3):345–362. doi: 10.1007/s11276-012-0470-zGhafoor KZ, Bakar KA, Lee K, AL-Hashimi H (2010) A novel delay- and reliability- aware inter-vehicle routing protocol. Netw Protocol Algorithms 2(2):66–88. doi: 10.5296/npa.v2i2.427Dias JAFF, Rodrigues JJPC, Isento JN, Pereira PRBA, Lloret J (2011) Performance assessment of fragmentation mechanisms for vehicular delay-tolerant networks. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2011(195):1–14. doi: 10.1186/1687-1499-2011-195Zhang D, Yang Z, Raychoudhury V, Chen Z, Lloret J (2013) An energy-efficient routing protocol using movement trend in vehicular Ad-hoc networks. Comput J 58(8):938–946. doi: 10.1093/comjnl/bxt028Ghafoor KZ, Lloret J, Bakar KA, Sadiq AS, Mussa SAB (2013) Beaconing approaches in vehicular Ad Hoc networks: a survey. Wirel Pers Commun. doi: 10.1007/s11277-013-1222-9Sadiq AS, Bakar KA, Ghafoor KZ, Lloret J (2013) An intelligent vertical handover scheme for audio and video streaming in heterogeneous vehicular networks. Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0465-8Khamayseh YM (2013) Network size estimation in VANETs. Netw Protocol Algorithm 5(3):136–152. doi: 10.5296/npa.v5i6.3838Rawat DB, Popescu DC, Yan G, Olariu S (2011) Enhancing VANET performance by joint adaptation of transmission power and contention window size. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 22(9):1528–1535Yan G, Rawat DB, Bista BB. Provisioning vehicular ad hoc networks with quality of services. Int J Space-Based Situated Comput 2(2):104–111Rawat DB, Bista BB, Yan G, Weigle MC (2011) Securing vehicular ad-hoc networks against malicious drivers: a probabilistic approach, International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems Pp. 146–151. June 30, 2011Sun W, Xia F, Ma J, Fu T, Sun Y. An optimal ODAM-based broadcast algorithm for vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. KSII Trans Internet Inform Syst 6(12): 3257–3274Vinel AV, Dudin AN, Andreev SD, Xia F (2010) Performance modeling methodology of emergency dissemination algorithms for vehicular ad-hoc networks, 6th Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP 2010), Pp. 397–400AL-Hashimi HN, Bakar KA, Ghafoor KZ (2010) Inter-domain proxy mobile IPv6 based vehicular network. Netw Protocol Algorithm 2(4):1–15. doi: 10.5296/npa.v2i4.488Ghafoor KZ, Bakar KA, Mohammed MA, Lloret J (2013) Vehicular cloud computing: trends and challenges, in the book “mobile computing over cloud: technologies, services, and applications”. IGI GlobalYan G, Rawat DB, Bista BB (2012) Towards secure vehicular clouds, Sixth International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS 2012), Pp. 370–375Fernández H, Rubio L, Reig J, Rodrigo-Peñarrocha VM, Valero A (2013) Path loss modeling for vehicular system performance and communication protocols evaluation. Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0463-xAllouche Y, Segal M (2013) A cluster-based beaconing approach in VANETs: near optimal topology via proximity information. Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0468-5Merah AF, Samarah S, Boukerche A, Mammeri A (2013) A sequential patterns data mining approach towards vehicular route prediction in VANETs. Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0459-6Zhang D, Huang H, Zhou J, Xia F, Chen Z (2013) Detecting hot road mobility of vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0467-6El Ajaltouni H, Boukerche A, Mammeri A (2013) A multichannel QoS MAC with dynamic transmit opportunity for. Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0475-6Reñé S, Esparza O, Alins J, Mata-Díaz J, Muñoz JL (2013) VSPLIT: a cross-layer architecture for V2I TCP services over. 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Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0461-zLin C, Wu G, Xia F, Yao L (2013) Enhance the attacking efficiency of the node compromise attack in vehicular Ad-hoc network using connected dominating set. Mobile Netw Appl. doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0469-

Fuzzy logic-based intelligent scheme for enhancing QoS of vertical handover decision in vehicular ad-hoc networks

The design of next generation networks in various technologies under the “Anywhere, Anytime” paradigm offers seamless connectivity across different coverage. A conventional algorithm such as RSSThreshold algorithm, that only uses the received strength signal (RSS) as a metric, will decrease handover performance regarding handover latency, delay, packet loss, and handover failure probability. Moreover, the RSS-based algorithm is only suitable for horizontal handover decision to examine the quality of service (QoS) compared to the vertical handover decision in advanced technologies. In the next generation network, vertical handover can be started based on the user’s convenience or choice rather than connectivity reasons. This study proposes a vertical handover decision algorithm that uses a Fuzzy Logic (FL) algorithm, to increase QoS performance in heterogeneous vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET). The study uses network simulator 2.29 (NS 2.29) along with the mobility traffic network and generator to implement simulation scenarios and topologies. This helps the simulation to achieve a realistic VANET mobility scenario. The required analysis on the performance of QoS in the vertical handover can thus be conducted. The proposed Fuzzy Logic algorithm shows improvement over the conventional algorithm (RSSThreshold) in the average percentage of handover QoS whereby it achieves 20%, 21% and 13% improvement on handover latency, delay, and packet loss respectively. This is achieved through triggering a process in layer two and three that enhances the handover performance

Transmission power adaption scheme for improving IoV awareness exploiting: evaluation weighted matrix based on piggybacked information

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Elsevier in Computer Networks on 04/06/2018, available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.03.019 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.© 2018 Elsevier B.V. As part of the new era the Internet of Things, an evolved form of Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks has recently emerged as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). IoV has obtained a lot of attention among smart vehicle manufactures and illustrations due to its promising potential, but there are still some problems and challenges that need to be addressed. Transmission error occurs when an emergency message is disseminated to provide traffic awareness, and vehicles have to increase their channel transmission power to ensure further coverage and mitigate possible accidents. This might cause channel congestion and unnecessary power consumption due to an inaccurate transmission power setup. A promising solution could be achieved via periodically and predictively evaluating channel and GEO information that is transmitted over piggybacked beacons. Thus, in this paper we propose a Transmission Power Adaptation (TPA) scheme for obtaining better power tuning, which senses and examines the probability of channel congestion. Afterwards, it proactively predicts upcoming channel statuses using developed evaluation-weighted matrix, which observes correlations between coefficients of variance for estimated metrics. Considering beacon transmission error rate, crowding inter-vehicle distance, and channel delay, the matrix is periodically constructed and proavtively weighted for each metric based on a predefined threshold value. Eventually, predicted channel status is used as an indicator to adjust transmission power. This leads to decreased channel congestion and better awareness in IoV. The performance of the proposed TPA scheme is evaluated using OMNeT++ simulation tools. The simulation results show that our proposed TPA scheme performs better than existing method in terms of overall throughput, average beacon congestion rate, beacon recipient rate probabilities, channel-busy time, transmission power over distance, and accident probabilities.Published versio

An Adaptive Handover Prediction Scheme for Seamless Mobility Based Wireless Networks

We propose an adaptive handover prediction (AHP) scheme for seamless mobility based wireless networks. That is, the AHP scheme incorporates fuzzy logic with AP prediction process in order to lend cognitive capability to handover decision making. Selection metrics, including received signal strength, mobile node relative direction towards the access points in the vicinity, and access point load, are collected and considered inputs of the fuzzy decision making system in order to select the best preferable AP around WLANs. The obtained handover decision which is based on the calculated quality cost using fuzzy inference system is also based on adaptable coefficients instead of fixed coefficients. In other words, the mean and the standard deviation of the normalized network prediction metrics of fuzzy inference system, which are collected from available WLANs are obtained adaptively. Accordingly, they are applied as statistical information to adjust or adapt the coefficients of membership functions. In addition, we propose an adjustable weight vector concept for input metrics in order to cope with the continuous, unpredictable variation in their membership degrees. Furthermore, handover decisions are performed in each MN independently after knowing RSS, direction toward APs, and AP load. Finally, performance evaluation of the proposed scheme shows its superiority compared with representatives of the prediction approaches

An adaptive handover prediction scheme for seamless mobility based wireless networks

We propose an adaptive handover prediction (AHP) scheme for seamless mobility based wireless networks. That is, the AHP scheme incorporates fuzzy logic with AP prediction process in order to lend cognitive capability to handover decision making. Selection metrics, including received signal strength, mobile node relative direction towards the access points in the vicinity, and access point load, are collected and considered inputs of the fuzzy decision making system in order to select the best preferable AP around WLANs. The obtained handover decision which is based on the calculated quality cost using fuzzy inference system is also based on adaptable coefficients instead of fixed coefficients. In other words, the mean and the standard deviation of the normalized network prediction metrics of fuzzy inference system, which are collected from available WLANs are obtained adaptively. Accordingly, they are applied as statistical information to adjust or adapt the coefficients of membership functions. In addition, we propose an adjustable weight vector concept for input metrics in order to cope with the continuous, unpredictable variation in their membership degrees. Furthermore, handover decisions are performed in each MN independently after knowing RSS, direction toward APs, and AP load. Finally, performance evaluation of the proposed scheme shows its superiority compared with representatives of the prediction approaches.Sadiq, AS.; Fisal, NB.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Lloret, J. (2014). An adaptive handover prediction scheme for seamless mobility based wireless networks. Scientific World Journal. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/610652S2014You, I., Han, Y.-H., Chen, Y.-S., & Chao, H.-C. (2011). Next generation mobility management. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 11(4), 443-445. doi:10.1002/wcm.1136Sepúlveda, R., Montiel-Ross, O., Quiñones-Rivera, J., & Quiroz, E. E. (2012). WLAN Cell Handoff Latency Abatement Using an FPGA Fuzzy Logic Algorithm Implementation. Advances in Fuzzy Systems, 2012, 1-10. doi:10.1155/2012/219602Song, W. (2012). Resource reservation for mobile hotspots in vehicular environments with cellular/WLAN interworking. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2012(1). doi:10.1186/1687-1499-2012-18Sadiq, A. S., Bakar, K. A., Ghafoor, K. Z., Lloret, J., & Khokhar, R. (2013). An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 18(6), 879-895. doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0465-8Nahrstedt, K. (2011). Quality of Service in Wireless Networks Over Unlicensed Spectrum. Synthesis Lectures on Mobile and Pervasive Computing, 6(1), 1-176. doi:10.2200/s00383ed1v01y201109mpc008Magagula, L. A., Chan, H. A., & Falowo, O. E. (2011). Handover approaches for seamless mobility management in next generation wireless networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 12(16), 1414-1428. doi:10.1002/wcm.1074Sadiq, A. S., Bakar, K. A., Ghafoor, K. Z., Lloret, J., & Mirjalili, S. (2012). A smart handover prediction system based on curve fitting model for Fast Mobile IPv6 in wireless networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27(7), 969-990. doi:10.1002/dac.2386Çeken, C., Yarkan, S., & Arslan, H. (2010). Interference aware vertical handoff decision algorithm for quality of service support in wireless heterogeneous networks. Computer Networks, 54(5), 726-740. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2009.09.018Dutta, A., Das, S., Famolari, D., Ohba, Y., Taniuchi, K., Fajardo, V., … Schulzrinne, H. (2007). Seamless proactive handover across heterogeneous access networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 43(3), 837-855. doi:10.1007/s11277-007-9266-3Xu, C., Teng, J., & Jia, W. (2010). Enabling faster and smoother handoffs in AP-dense 802.11 wireless networks. Computer Communications, 33(15), 1795-1803. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2010.04.044Holis, J., & Pechac, P. (2008). Elevation Dependent Shadowing Model for Mobile Communications via High Altitude Platforms in Built-Up Areas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56(4), 1078-1084. doi:10.1109/tap.2008.91920

Towards video streaming in IoT environments: vehicular communication perspective

Multimedia oriented Internet of Things (IoT) enables pervasive and real-time communication of video, audio and image data among devices in an immediate surroundings. Today's vehicles have the capability of supporting real time multimedia acquisition. Vehicles with high illuminating infrared cameras and customized sensors can communicate with other on-road devices using dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and 5G enabled communication technologies. Real time incidence of both urban and highway vehicular traffic environment can be captured and transmitted using vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication modes. Video streaming in vehicular IoT (VSV-IoT) environments is in growing stage with several challenges that need to be addressed ranging from limited resources in IoT devices, intermittent connection in vehicular networks, heterogeneous devices, dynamism and scalability in video encoding, bandwidth underutilization in video delivery, and attaining application-precise quality of service in video streaming. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive review on video streaming in IoT environments focusing on vehicular communication perspective. Specifically, significance of video streaming in vehicular IoT environments is highlighted focusing on integration of vehicular communication with 5G enabled IoT technologies, and smart city oriented application areas for VSV-IoT. A taxonomy is presented for the classification of related literature on video streaming in vehicular network environments. Following the taxonomy, critical review of literature is performed focusing on major functional model, strengths and weaknesses. Metrics for video streaming in vehicular IoT environments are derived and comparatively analyzed in terms of their usage and evaluation capabilities. Open research challenges in VSV-IoT are identified as future directions of research in the area. The survey would benefit both IoT and vehicle industry practitioners and researchers, in terms of augmenting understanding of vehicular video streaming and its IoT related trends and issues

Advanced mobility handover for mobile IPv6 based wireless networks

We propose an Advanced Mobility Handover scheme (AMH) in this paper for seamless mobility in MIPv6-based wireless networks. In the proposed scheme, the mobile node utilizes a unique home IPv6 address developed to maintain communication with other corresponding nodes without a care-of-address during the roaming process. The IPv6 address for each MN during the first round of AMH process is uniquely identified by HA using the developed MN-ID field as a global permanent, which is identifying uniquely the IPv6 address of MN. Moreover, a temporary MN-ID is generated by access point each time an MN is associated with a particular AP and temporarily saved in a developed table inside the AP. When employing the AMH scheme, the handover process in the network layer is performed prior to its default time. That is, the mobility handover process in the network layer is tackled by a trigger developed AMH message to the next access point. Thus, a mobile node keeps communicating with the current access point while the network layer handover is executed by the next access point. The mathematical analyses and simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better as compared with the existing approaches.Sadiq, AS.; Fisal, NB.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Lloret, J. (2014). Advanced mobility handover for mobile IPv6 based wireless networks. Scientific World Journal. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/602808S2014You, I., Han, Y.-H., Chen, Y.-S., & Chao, H.-C. (2011). Next generation mobility management. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 11(4), 443-445. doi:10.1002/wcm.1136Li, L., Ma, L., Xu, Y., & Fu, Y. (2014). Motion Adaptive Vertical Handoff in Cellular/WLAN Heterogeneous Wireless Network. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2014/341038Nahrstedt, K. (2011). Quality of Service in Wireless Networks Over Unlicensed Spectrum. Synthesis Lectures on Mobile and Pervasive Computing, 6(1), 1-176. doi:10.2200/s00383ed1v01y201109mpc008Cho, I., Okamura, K., Kim, T. W., & Hong, C. S. (2013). Performance analysis of IP mobility with multiple care-of addresses in heterogeneous wireless networks. Wireless Networks, 19(6), 1375-1386. doi:10.1007/s11276-012-0539-8Magagula, L. A., Chan, H. A., & Falowo, O. E. (2011). Handover approaches for seamless mobility management in next generation wireless networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 12(16), 1414-1428. doi:10.1002/wcm.1074Sadiq, A. S., Bakar, K. A., Ghafoor, K. Z., Lloret, J., & Mirjalili, S. (2012). A smart handover prediction system based on curve fitting model for Fast Mobile IPv6 in wireless networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27(7), 969-990. doi:10.1002/dac.2386Sadiq, A. S., Bakar, K. A., Ghafoor, K. Z., Lloret, J., & Khokhar, R. (2013). An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 18(6), 879-895. doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0465-8Lee, K.-W., Seo, W.-K., Cho, Y.-Z., Kim, J.-W., Park, J.-S., & Moon, B.-S. (2009). Inter-domain handover scheme using an intermediate mobile access gateway for seamless service in vehicular networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 23(9-10), 1127-1144. doi:10.1002/dac.1076Lee, C.-W., Chen, M. C., & Sun, Y. S. (2012). Protocol and architecture supports for network mobility with QoS-handover for high-velocity vehicles. Wireless Networks, 19(5), 811-830. doi:10.1007/s11276-012-0503-7Castelluccia, C. (2000). HMIPv6. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 4(1), 48-59. doi:10.1145/360449.360474Modares, H., Moravejosharieh, A., Lloret, J., & Salleh, R. B. (2016). A Survey on Proxy Mobile IPv6 Handover. IEEE Systems Journal, 10(1), 208-217. doi:10.1109/jsyst.2013.2297705Modares, H., Moravejosharieh, A., Lloret, J., & Salleh, R. (2014). A survey of secure protocols in Mobile IPv6. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 39, 351-368. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2013.07.013Modares, H., Moravejosharieh, A., Salleh, R. B., & Lloret, J. (2014). Enhancing Security in Mobile IPv6. ETRI Journal, 36(1), 51-61. doi:10.4218/etrij.14.0113.0177Meneguette, R. I., Bittencourt, L. F., & Madeira, E. R. M. (2013). A seamless flow mobility management architecture for vehicular communication networks. Journal of Communications and Networks, 15(2), 207-216. doi:10.1109/jcn.2013.000034Al-Surmi, I., Othman, M., Abdul Hamid, N. A. W., & Ali, B. M. (2013). Enhancing inter-PMIPv6-domain for superior handover performance across IP-based wireless domain networks. Wireless Networks, 19(6), 1317-1336. doi:10.1007/s11276-012-0535-

Fault tolerant mechanism for multimedia flows in wireless ad hoc networks based on fast switching paths

Multimedia traffic can be forwarded through a wireless ad hoc network using the available resources of the nodes. Several models and protocols have been designed in order to organize and arrange the nodes to improve transmissions along the network. We use a cluster-based framework, called MWAHCA architecture, which optimizes multimedia transmissions over a wireless ad hoc network. It was proposed by us in a previous research work. This architecture is focused on decreasing quality of service (QoS) parameters like latency, jitter, and packet loss, but other network features were not developed, like load balance or fault tolerance. In this paper, we propose a new fault tolerance mechanism, using as a base the MWAHCA architecture, in order to recover any multimedia flow crossing the wireless ad hoc network when there is a node failure. The algorithm can run independently for each multimedia flow. The main objective is to keep the QoS parameters as low as possible. To achieve this goal, the convergence time must be controlled and reduced. This paper provides the designed protocol, the analytical model of the algorithm, and a software application developed to test its performance in a real laboratory.This work has been partially supported by Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetGNA), Covilha Delegation, and by National Funding from the FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through the Pest-OE/EEI/LA0008/2013 Project.Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J.; Jimenez, JM.; Sendra, S.; Rodrigues, JJPC. (2014). Fault tolerant mechanism for multimedia flows in wireless ad hoc networks based on fast switching paths. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2014:1-12. doi:10.1155/2014/361543S1122014Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Toledo, J. F. (2011). Power Saving and Energy Optimization Techniques for Wireless Sensor Neworks (Invited Paper). Journal of Communications, 6(6). doi:10.4304/jcm.6.6.439-459Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Bri, D., & Sendra, S. (2009). A Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Rural and Forest Fire Detection and Verification. Sensors, 9(11), 8722-8747. doi:10.3390/s91108722Lloret, J., Bosch, I., Sendra, S., & Serrano, A. (2011). A Wireless Sensor Network for Vineyard Monitoring That Uses Image Processing. Sensors, 11(6), 6165-6196. doi:10.3390/s110606165Akyildiz, I., Melodia, T., & Chowdury, K. (2007). Wireless multimedia sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Wireless Communications, 14(6), 32-39. doi:10.1109/mwc.2007.4407225Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Bri, D., & Diaz, J. (2009). A Cluster-Based Architecture to Structure the Topology of Parallel Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 9(12), 10513-10544. doi:10.3390/s91210513Diaz, J. R., Lloret, J., Jimenez, J. M., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2014). A QoS-Based Wireless Multimedia Sensor Cluster Protocol. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(5), 480372. doi:10.1155/2014/480372Diaz, J. R., Lloret, J., Jimenez, J. M., & Sendra, S. (2014). MWAHCA: A Multimedia Wireless Ad Hoc Cluster Architecture. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-14. doi:10.1155/2014/913046Sadiq, A. S., Bakar, K. A., Ghafoor, K. Z., Lloret, J., & Khokhar, R. (2013). An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 18(6), 879-895. doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0465-8Diaz, J. R., Lloret, J., Jiménez, J. M., & Hammoumi, M. (2014). A new multimedia-oriented architecture and protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(1), 14. doi:10.1504/ijahuc.2014.062486Pagani, E., & Rossi, G. P. (1999). Mobile Networks and Applications, 4(3), 175-192. doi:10.1023/a:1019198815518Xue, Y., & Nahrstedt, K. (2004). Providing Fault-Tolerant Ad hoc Routing Service in Adversarial Environments. Wireless Personal Communications, 29(3/4), 367-388. doi:10.1023/b:wire.0000047071.75971.cdBoukerche, A., Werner Nelem Pazzi, R., & Borges Araujo, R. (2006). Fault-tolerant wireless sensor network routing protocols for the supervision of context-aware physical environments. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 66(4), 586-599. doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2005.12.007Bheemarjuna Reddy, T., Sriram, S., Manoj, B. S., & Siva Ram Murthy, C. (2006). MuSeQoR: Multi-path failure-tolerant security-aware QoS routing in Ad hoc wireless networks. Computer Networks, 50(9), 1349-1383. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2005.05.035Chao, H. L., & Chang, C. L. (2008). A fault-tolerant routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Sensor Networks, 3(1), 66. doi:10.1504/ijsnet.2008.016463Melamed, R., Keidar, I., & Barel, Y. (2007). Octopus: A fault-tolerant and efficient ad-hoc routing protocol. Wireless Networks, 14(6), 777-793. doi:10.1007/s11276-006-0013-6Lopes, P., Salvador, P., & Nogueira, A. (2013). Methodologies for Network Topology Discovery and Detection of MAC and IP Spoofing Attacks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 5(3), 153. doi:10.5296/npa.v5i3.431

Estudio de emisión de vídeo sobre HTML5

El siguiente proyecto se presenta como un estudio de las diferentes posibilidades de emisión de vídeo digital a través del lenguaje de etiquetas HTML5 considerando el soporte de los navegadores del mercado frente a los diferentes formatos de contenedor y códecs. Igualmente, se analizan los distintos parámetros de compresión de software de codificación de vídeo para comprobar los ratios que soporten una mejor relación de tamaño/bitrate para su emisión en Internet bajo el estándar de HTML5.The next project is presented as a study of the different possibilities of digital video broadcast through HTML5 markup considering the market browsers support compared to the different codecs and container formats. Similarly, the various parameters of software compression video coding are analyzed for the ratios that support a better size/bitrate for broadcast on the Internet under the standard HTML5.López Herreros, A. (2014). Estudio de emisión de vídeo sobre HTML5. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/44895Archivo delegad