180 research outputs found
Empirical Analysis of the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of the Echo State Property
The Echo State Network (ESN) is a specific recurrent network, which has
gained popularity during the last years. The model has a recurrent network
named reservoir, that is fixed during the learning process. The reservoir is
used for transforming the input space in a larger space. A fundamental property
that provokes an impact on the model accuracy is the Echo State Property (ESP).
There are two main theoretical results related to the ESP. First, a sufficient
condition for the ESP existence that involves the singular values of the
reservoir matrix. Second, a necessary condition for the ESP. The ESP can be
violated according to the spectral radius value of the reservoir matrix. There
is a theoretical gap between these necessary and sufficient conditions. This
article presents an empirical analysis of the accuracy and the projections of
reservoirs that satisfy this theoretical gap. It gives some insights about the
generation of the reservoir matrix. From previous works, it is already known
that the optimal accuracy is obtained near to the border of stability control
of the dynamics. Then, according to our empirical results, we can see that this
border seems to be closer to the sufficient conditions than to the necessary
conditions of the ESP.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, accepted paper for the IEEE IJCNN, 201
ANOVA Method Applied to PEMFC Ageing Forecasting Using an Echo State Network
International audienceAccording to the International Energy Agency, an increase of the requests of energy of 40% could arise in the next decades, mainly due to the emergence of developing countries. The problem with the nowaday energy system is the use of fossil energy, which is limited and attempt to disappear in the near future. Thus an energy transition has to begin in order to replace the fossil fuels and anticipate their disappearance. Consequently, in recent years, the promotion and development of renewable energy have been realized. One of this renewable energy, the energy vector hydrogen, appears to be a promising solution, mainly due to interesting performance of Fuel Cells (FC) systems and hydrogen abundance on Earth (it is still important to underline that the hydrogen does not exist in natural form). However, this research area is still subject to scientific and technological bottlenecks. One of these major bottlenecks preventing the industrialization of FC systems is it limited useful lifetime. It is therefore important to develop reliable tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of FC system in order to optimize its efficiency. The aim of this article is to present the results of a sensibility analysis applied to a prognosis tools called Echo State Network
Odhad emocĂ a duĆĄevnĂ koncentrace pomocĂ technik Deep Learningu
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the brain waves of humans with deep learn-
ing methods and evolutionary computation techniques, and to verify the performance
of applied techniques. In this thesis, we apply wellâknown metaheuristics and Artificial
Neural Networks for classifying human mental activities using electroencephalographic
signals. We developed a BrainâComputer Interface system that is able to process elec-
troencephalographic signals and classify mental concentration versus relaxation. The
system is able to automatically extract and learn representation of the given data. Based
on scientific protocols we designed the BrainâComputer Interface experiments and we
created an original and relevant data for the industrial and academic community. Our
experimental data is available to the scientific community. In the experiments we used an
electroencephalographic based device for collecting brain information form the subjects
during specific activities. The collected data represents brain waves of subjects who was
stimulated by writing tasks.
Furthermore, we selected the best combination of the input features (brain waves
information) using the following two metaheuristic techniques: Simulated Annealing and
Geometric Particle Swarm Optimization. We applied a specific type of Artificial Neural
Network, named Echo State Network, for solving the mapping between brain information
and subject activities. The results indicate that it is possible to estimate the human con-
centration using few electroencephalographic signals. In addition, the proposed system is
developed with a fast and robust learning technique that can be easily adapted accord-
ing to each subject. Moreover, this approach does not require powerful computational
resources. As a consequence, the proposed system can be used in environments which are
computationally limited and/or where the computational time is an important issue.CĂlem prĂĄce je ohodnocenĂ lidskĂœch mozkovĂœch vln s vyuĆŸitĂm metod hlubokĂ©ho uÄenĂ (deep learning) a evoluÄnĂch vĂœpoÄetnĂch technik a pro ovÄĆenĂ vĂœkonu aplikovanĂœch technik. V diplomovĂ© prĂĄci jsou vyuĆŸity dobĆe znĂĄmĂ© metaheuristiky a umÄlĂ© neuronovĂ© sĂtÄ pro klasifikaci lidskĂœch mentĂĄlnĂch aktivit za pouĆŸitĂ elektroencefalografickĂœch signĂĄlĆŻ. Bylo vyvinuto rozhranĂ mozek-poÄĂtaÄ, kterĂ© je schopno zpracovat elektroencefalografickĂ© signĂĄly a klasifikovat mentĂĄlnĂ soustĆedÄnĂ v porovnĂĄnĂ s relaxacĂ. SystĂ©m je schopen automaticky extrahovat a nauÄit se reprezentaci danĂœch dat. Na zĂĄkladÄ vÄdeckĂœch protokolĆŻ byl navrĆŸen experiment pro rozhranĂ mozek-poÄĂtaÄ a byla vytvoĆena pĆŻvodnĂ a relevantnĂ data pro prĆŻmyslovou a akademickou komunitu. VygenerovanĂĄ pokusnĂĄ data jsou pĆĂstupnĂ© pro vÄdeckou komunitu. V rĂĄmci experimentĆŻ bylo vyuĆŸito zaĆĂzenĂ zaloĆŸenĂ© na encefalografii pro sbÄr mozkovĂœch signĂĄlĆŻ subjektu bÄhem specifickĂœch aktivit. NasbĂranĂĄ data reprezentujĂ mozkovĂ© vlny subjektu, kterĂœ byl stimulovĂĄn psanĂm Ășloh.
DĂĄle byla vybrĂĄna nejlepĆĄĂ kombinace vstupnĂch vlastnostĂ (informace o mozkovĂ© vlnÄ) s vyuĆŸitĂm nĂĄsledujĂcĂch dvou metaheuristickĂœch metod: simulovanĂ©ho ĆŸĂhĂĄnĂ a geometrickĂ© optimalizace hejnem ÄĂĄstic. UmÄlĂĄ neuronovĂĄ sĂĆ„, kterĂĄ se nazĂœvĂĄ Echo State sĂĆ„, byla aplikovĂĄna pro ĆeĆĄenĂ mapovĂĄnĂ mezi informacemi z mozku a aktivitami subjektu. VĂœsledky ukazujĂ, ĆŸe je moĆŸnĂ© odhadnout lidskou aktivitu pomocĂ nÄkolika encefalografickĂœch signĂĄlĆŻ. KromÄ toho, navrhovanĂœ systĂ©m je vyvinut s vyuĆŸitĂm rychlĂœch a robustnĂch uÄĂcĂch technik, kterĂ© mohou bĂœt jednoduĆĄe pĆizpĆŻsobeny podle jednotlivĂœch subjektĆŻ. Tento pĆĂstup navĂc nevyĆŸaduje vĂœkonnĂ© vĂœpoÄetnĂ prostĆedky. V dĆŻsledku toho mĆŻĆŸe bĂœt systĂ©m vyuĆŸit v prostĆedĂ, kterĂ© jsou vĂœpoÄetnÄ omezeny a/nebo v pĆĂpadech, kdy vĂœpoÄetnĂ Äas je dĆŻleĆŸitĂœm hlediskem.460 - Katedra informatikyvĂœborn
Computation Of Microbial Ecosystems in Time and Space (COMETS): An open source collaborative platform for modeling ecosystems metabolism
Genome-scale stoichiometric modeling of metabolism has become a standard
systems biology tool for modeling cellular physiology and growth. Extensions of
this approach are also emerging as a valuable avenue for predicting,
understanding and designing microbial communities. COMETS (Computation Of
Microbial Ecosystems in Time and Space) was initially developed as an extension
of dynamic flux balance analysis, which incorporates cellular and molecular
diffusion, enabling simulations of multiple microbial species in spatially
structured environments. Here we describe how to best use and apply the most
recent version of this platform, COMETS 2, which incorporates a more accurate
biophysical model of microbial biomass expansion upon growth, as well as
several new biological simulation modules, including evolutionary dynamics and
extracellular enzyme activity. COMETS 2 provides user-friendly Python and
MATLAB interfaces compatible with the well-established COBRA models and
methods, and comprehensive documentation and tutorials, facilitating the use of
COMETS for researchers at all levels of expertise with metabolic simulations.
This protocol provides a detailed guideline for installing, testing and
applying COMETS 2 to different scenarios, with broad applicability to microbial
communities across biomes and scales.Comment: 146 pages, 12 figures, 2 supplementary figures, 3 supplementary
video
Traffic Characteristics and Queueing Theory: Implications and Applications to Web Server Systems
Businesses rely increasingly on Internet services as the basis of their income. Downtime and poor performance of such services can therefore be directly translated into loss of revenue. In order to plan and design services sufficiently capable of meeting minimumQuality of Service (QoS) requirements and Service Level Agreements(SLA), an understanding of how network traffic and job service demand affect the system is necessary. Traditionally, arrival and service processes have been modelled as Poisson processes. However, research done over the years suggests that the assumption of Poisson traffic is fallible in many cases. This work considers performance of a web server under different traffic and service demand conditions. Moreover, we consider theoretical models of queues, response time formulas derived from this models and their validity for a web server system. We try to make a simple approach to a complex problem by modelling a web server as one simple queueing system. In addition, we investigate the phenomenon known as self-similarity which has been observed in web traffic inter-arrival processes. We have found indications that traffic with identical expectation values for inter-arrival and service time differing in distribution type affects the response time differently. Moreover, classical queueingmodels are found unsuited for doing capacity planning. Instead we suggest âa worst case scenarioâ approach in order for service providers to meet service level targets. Much of the previous work within these areas is of a highly mathematical and theoretical nature. We investigate from a more pragmatic viewpoint
The Growth and Morphology of Small Ice Crystals in a Diffusion Chamber
Small water ice crystals are the main component of cold tropospheric clouds such as cirrus. Because these clouds cover large areas of our planet, their role in the radiation budget of incoming and outgoing radiation to the planetâs surface
is important. At present, the representation of these clouds in climate and weather models is subject to improvements: a large part of the uncertainty error stems from the lack of precise micro-physical and radiation model schemes for ice crystal clouds.
To improve the cloud representations, a better understanding of the life time dynamics of the clouds and their composition is necessary, comprising a detailed understanding of the ice particle genesis, and development over their lifetime. It is especially important to understand how the development of ice crystals over time is linked to the changes in observable variables such as water vapour
content and temperature and how they change the light scattering properties of the crystals.
Recent remote and aircraft based in-situ measurements have shown that many ice particles show a light scattering behaviour typical for crystals having rough surfaces or being of complex geometrical shapes.
The aim of this thesis was to develop the experimental setup and experiments to investigate this further by studying the surface morphology of small water ice crystals using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments I developed study the growth of water ice crystals inside an SEM chamber under controlled
environmental conditions. The influence of water vapour supersaturation, pressure and temperature is investigated.
I demonstrate how to retrieve the surface topology from observed crystals for use as input to computational light scattering codes to derive light scattering phase functions and asymmetry parameters, which can be used as input into atmospheric models.
Difficulties with the method for studying the growth of water ice crystals, such as the effect of the electron beam-gas ionization and charging effects, the problem of facilitating repeated and localized ice growth, and the effect of radiative influences on the crystal growth are discussed. A broad set of nucleation target materials is studied.
In a conclusion, I demonstrate that the method is suitable to study the surface morphologies, but is experimentally very challenging and many precautions must be taken, such as imaging only once and preventing radiative heat exchange between the chamber walls and the crystals to avoid unwanted effects on the crystal morphology. It is also left as a question if a laboratory experiment,
where crystals will need to be grown in connection to a substrate, can represent the real world well enough. Deriving the required light scattering data in-situ might be an alternative, easier way to collect data for modelling use
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