Perfect tag identification protocol in RFID networks

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems are becoming more and more popular in the field of ubiquitous computing, in particular for objects identification. An RFID system is composed by one or more readers and a number of tags. One of the main issues in an RFID network is the fast and reliable identification of all tags in the reader range. The reader issues some queries, and tags properly answer. Then, the reader must identify the tags from such answers. This is crucial for most applications. Since the transmission medium is shared, the typical problem to be faced is a MAC-like one, i.e. to avoid or limit the number of tags transmission collisions. We propose a protocol which, under some assumptions about transmission techniques, always achieves a 100% perfomance. It is based on a proper recursive splitting of the concurrent tags sets, until all tags have been identified. The other approaches present in literature have performances of about 42% in the average at most. The counterpart is a more sophisticated hardware to be deployed in the manufacture of low cost tags.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur

LPDQ: a self-scheduled TDMA MAC protocol for one-hop dynamic lowpower wireless networks

Current Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for data collection scenarios with a large number of nodes that generate bursty traffic are based on Low-Power Listening (LPL) for network synchronization and Frame Slotted ALOHA (FSA) as the channel access mechanism. However, FSA has an efficiency bounded to 36.8% due to contention effects, which reduces packet throughput and increases energy consumption. In this paper, we target such scenarios by presenting Low-Power Distributed Queuing (LPDQ), a highly efficient and low-power MAC protocol. LPDQ is able to self-schedule data transmissions, acting as a FSA MAC under light traffic and seamlessly converging to a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) MAC under congestion. The paper presents the design principles and the implementation details of LPDQ using low-power commercial radio transceivers. Experiments demonstrate an efficiency close to 99% that is independent of the number of nodes and is fair in terms of resource allocation.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Goodbye, ALOHA!

©2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.The vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) to interconnect and Internet-connect everyday people, objects, and machines poses new challenges in the design of wireless communication networks. The design of medium access control (MAC) protocols has been traditionally an intense area of research due to their high impact on the overall performance of wireless communications. The majority of research activities in this field deal with different variations of protocols somehow based on ALOHA, either with or without listen before talk, i.e., carrier sensing multiple access. These protocols operate well under low traffic loads and low number of simultaneous devices. However, they suffer from congestion as the traffic load and the number of devices increase. For this reason, unless revisited, the MAC layer can become a bottleneck for the success of the IoT. In this paper, we provide an overview of the existing MAC solutions for the IoT, describing current limitations and envisioned challenges for the near future. Motivated by those, we identify a family of simple algorithms based on distributed queueing (DQ), which can operate for an infinite number of devices generating any traffic load and pattern. A description of the DQ mechanism is provided and most relevant existing studies of DQ applied in different scenarios are described in this paper. In addition, we provide a novel performance evaluation of DQ when applied for the IoT. Finally, a description of the very first demo of DQ for its use in the IoT is also included in this paper.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Tag Anti-collision Algorithm for RFID Systems with Minimum Overhead Information in the Identification Process

This paper describes a new tree based anti-collision algorithm for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems. The proposed technique is based on fast parallel binary splitting (FPBS) technique. It follows a new identification path through the binary tree. The main advantage of the proposed protocol is the simple dialog between the reader and tags. It needs only one bit tag response followed by one bit reader reply (one-to-one bit dialog). The one bit reader response represents the collision report (0: collision; 1: no collision) of the tags' one bit message. The tag achieves self transmission control by dynamically updating its relative replying order due to the received collision report. The proposed algorithm minimizes the overhead transmitted bits per one tag identification. In the collision state, tags do modify their next replying order in the next bit level. Performed computer simulations have shown that the collision recovery scheme is very fast and simple even with the successive reading process. Moreover, the proposed algorithm outperforms most of the recent techniques in most cases

A fast tag identification anti-collision algorithm for RFID systems

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In this work, we propose a highly efficient binary tree-based anti-collision algorithm for radio frequency identification (RFID) tag identification. The proposed binary splitting modified dynamic tree (BS-MDT) algorithm employs a binary splitting tree to achieve accurate tag estimation and a modified dynamic tree algorithm for rapid tag identification. We mathematically evaluate the performance of the BS-MDT algorithm in terms of the system efficiency and the time system efficiency based on the ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type B standard. The derived mathematical model is validated using computer simulations. Numerical results show that the proposed BS-MDT algorithm can provide the system efficiency of 46% and time system efficiency of 74%, outperforming all other well-performed algorithms

Adiabatic Approach for Low-Power Passive Near Field Communication Systems

This thesis tackles the need of ultra-low power electronics in the power limited passive Near Field Communication (NFC) systems. One of the techniques that has proven the potential of delivering low power operation is the Adiabatic Logic Technique. However, the low power benefits of the adiabatic circuits come with the challenges due to the absence of single opinion on the most energy efficient adiabatic logic family which constitute appropriate trade-offs between computation time, area and complexity based on the circuit and the power-clocking schemes. Therefore, five energy efficient adiabatic logic families working in single-phase, 2-phase and 4-phase power-clocking schemes were chosen. Since flip-flops are the basic building blocks of any sequential circuit and the existing flip-flops are MUX-based (having more transistors) design, therefore a novel single-phase, 2-phase and 4-phase reset based flip-flops were proposed. The performance of the multi-phase adiabatic families was evaluated and compared based on the design examples such as 2-bit ring counter, 3-bit Up-Down counter and 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) circuit (benchmark circuit) based on ISO 14443-3A standard. Several trade-offs, design rules, and an appropriate range for the supply voltage scaling for multi-phase adiabatic logic are proposed. Furthermore, based on the NFC standard (ISO 14443-3A), data is frequently encoded using Manchester coding technique before transmitting it to the reader. Therefore, if Manchester encoding can be implemented using adiabatic logic technique, energy benefits are expected. However, adiabatic implementation of Manchester encoding presents a challenge. Therefore, a novel method for implementing Manchester encoding using adiabatic logic is proposed overcoming the challenges arising due to the AC power-clock. Other challenges that come with the dynamic nature of the adiabatic gates and the complexity of the 4-phase power-clocking scheme is in synchronizing the power-clock v phases and the time spent in designing, validation and debugging of errors. This requires a specific modelling approach to describe the adiabatic logic behaviour at the higher level of abstraction. However, describing adiabatic logic behaviour using Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) is a challenging problem due to the requirement of modelling the AC power-clock and the dual-rail inputs and outputs. Therefore, a VHDL-based modelling approach for the 4-phase adiabatic logic technique is developed for functional simulation, precise timing analysis and as an improvement over the previously described approaches

Prototypical implementation of location-aware services based on a middleware architecture for super-distributed RFID tag infrastructures

We provide evidence of the feasibility and effectiveness of a middleware architecture for mobile devices (MoDs), which employs dense distributions of small computerized entities for providing fault-tolerant location-aware services. We do so by describing exemplary implementations based on radio frequency identification as an enabling technology. Firstly, we present prototypical implementations of the hardware abstraction layer and of selected core middleware services. The latter enable a MoD to store and retrieve data and position information in physical places in a fault-tolerant manner, and to identify places based on a location abstraction which is robust against failure of individual tags. Secondly, we investigate the feasibility of some higher-level services and applications by developing and evaluating prototypical systems for tracing and tracking, self-positioning, and collaborative map-makin

Modeling and simulation of an IoT enabled cold Chain Logistics management system

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Dünya ekonomisinin etkileyici bir şekilde büyümesi, soğuk zincirde izlenmesi ve yönetilmesi gereken özellikle sıcaklık duyarlı ürünler için belirsizlik durumları karşısında etkin, esnek ve duyarlı olabilmek amacıyla lojistik hizmetleri talep eden tedarik zincirinde artış sağlamıştır. Bunun gerçekleştirilebilmesi için Lojistik şirketerinin uygun bilişim teknolojileri ile desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İnternet kullanımı ile müşteri ve lojistik sağlayıcı arasında etkili bir bilgi akışı ortamı sağlanmaktadır; ancak lojistik hizmetindeki bilgi ve ürün akışı arasındaki mevcut açıklık, sıcaklık duyarlı nesneler hakkında gerçek zamanlı bilginin elde edilmesinde karar vericiler için lojistik yönetimini daha zor duruma getiren bir problem oluşturmaktadır. Nesnelerin İnterneti alanındaki gelişmeler soğuk zincir sanayilerinde izleme, yönetme ve gerçek zamanlı görünürlük sağlama ve uygun zeka seviyesi ile bilgi paylaşımı alanında potensiyel çözümler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada soğuk zincirin gerçek zamanlı ortam sıcaklığını izleme, yönetme ve soğuk zincir içerisindeki sıcaklık duyarlı ürünlerin raf ömrünün tahmin edilmesi aracılığıyla tüm karar vericilerin karar desteklerini geliştirmeye yardımcı olan IoT erişimli soğuk zincir lojistiği gösterilemektedir. Çalışma içerisinde, gerçek zamanlı ortam verileri IEEE 802.15.4 kablosuz algılayıcı ağ yapısı kullanılarak elde edilmiş ve toplanan veriler bir ağ geçidi aracılığıyla sunucuya, ürünlerin raf ömürlerinin geliştirilen karar destek sistemi yardıyla tahmin edilebilmesini sağlamak üzere, gönderilmiştir. Ayrıca, soğuk zincir içerisindeki bozulabilir ürünlerin tespiti için Radyo Frekanslı Tanıma (Radio Frequency Identification-RFID) kullanılmıştır. Çalışma içerisinde kullanılan tüm cihazlar ve protokoller olay-güdümlü Riverbed Modeler yazılımıyla modellenerek benzetimleri yapılmıştır.The Dramatic growth of world economy results growth in the supply chain which demands logistics service to be agile, flexible and responsive in the face of uncertainty, especially for temperature sensitive products that need to be monitored and managed in the cold chain. To achieve this, Logistics companies must be supported by appropriate information technologies. Internet provides an effective means of driving information between customer and logistics provider, however, existing gap between products flow and information flow in logistic service has created a problem in getting real-time information about temperature sensitive items which make logistics management more challenging for decision makers. The growth of internet of things (IoT) gives a potential solution for monitoring, managing, and achieving real-time visibility and sharing information with the appropriate level of intelligence in cold chain industries. This paper demonstrates IoT enabled cold chain logistics that helps to enhance the decision support of all actors through managing, monitoring the real-time ambient temperature of the cold chain and predicting the shelf-life of temperature sensitive products inside the cold chain. In the study, real-time data of ambient parameters are gathered using IEEE 802.15.4 based wireless sensor networks and sent to the remote server through a gateway so that the shelf life of the products can be predicted by the decision support system developed. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is also used for identification of perishable goods inside the cold chain. All the devices and protocols employed in the study are modeled and simulated using event-driven Riverbed Modeler software