An Energy conserving routing scheme for wireless body sensor nanonetwork communication

Current developments in nanotechnology make electromagnetic communication possible at the nanoscale for applications involving body sensor networks (BSNs). This specialized branch of wireless sensor networks, drawing attention from diverse fields, such as engineering, medicine, biology, physics, and computer science, has emerged as an important research area contributing to medical treatment, social welfare, and sports. The concept is based on the interaction of integrated nanoscale machines by means of wireless communications. One key hurdle for advancing nanocommunications is the lack of an apposite networking protocol to address the upcoming needs of the nanonetworks. Recently, some key challenges have been identified, such as nanonodes with extreme energy constraints, limited computational capabilities, terahertz frequency bands with limited transmission range, and so on, in designing protocols for wireless nanosensor networks. This work proposes an improved performance scheme of nanocommunication over terahertz bands for wireless BSNs making it suitable for smart e-health applications. The scheme contains - a new energy-efficient forwarding routine for electromagnetic communication in wireless nanonetworks consisting of hybrid clusters with centralized scheduling; a model designed for channel behavior taking into account the aggregated impact of molecular absorption, spreading loss, and shadowing; and an energy model for energy harvesting and consumption. The outage probability is derived for both single and multilinks and extended to determine the outage capacity. The outage probability for a multilink is derived using a cooperative fusion technique at a predefined fusion node. Simulated using a nano-sim simulator, performance of the proposed model has been evaluated for energy efficiency, outage capacity, and outage probability. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme through maximized energy utilization in both single and multihop communications; multisensor fusion at the fusion node enhances the link quality of the transmission

A comprehensive survey on hybrid communication in context of molecular communication and terahertz communication for body-centric nanonetworks

With the huge advancement of nanotechnology over the past years, the devices are shrinking into micro-scale, even nano-scale. Additionally, the Internet of nano-things (IoNTs) are generally regarded as the ultimate formation of the current sensor networks and the development of nanonetworks would be of great help to its fulfilment, which would be ubiquitous with numerous applications in all domains of life. However, the communication between the devices in such nanonetworks is still an open problem. Body-centric nanonetworks are believed to play an essential role in the practical application of IoNTs. BCNNs are also considered as domain specific like wireless sensor networks and always deployed on purpose to support a particular application. In these networks, electromagnetic and molecular communications are widely considered as two main promising paradigms and both follow their own development process. In this survey, the recent developments of these two paradigms are first illustrated in the aspects of applications, network structures, modulation techniques, coding techniques and security to then investigate the potential of hybrid communication paradigms. Meanwhile, the enabling technologies have been presented to apprehend the state-of-art with the discussion on the possibility of the hybrid technologies. Additionally, the inter-connectivity of electromagnetic and molecular body-centric nanonetworks is discussed. Afterwards, the related security issues of the proposed networks are discussed. Finally, the challenges and open research directions are presented

A Reliable Multipath Routing Protocol Based on Link Stability

Wireless NanoSensor Network (WNSN) is a new type of sensor network with broad application prospects. In view of the limited energy of nanonodes and unstable links in WNSNs, we propose a reliable multi-path routing based on link stability (RMRLS). RMRLS selects the optimal path which perfects best in the link stability evaluation model, and then selects an alternative route by the routing similarity judgment model. RMRLS uses tew paths to cope with changes in the network topology. The simulation shows that the RMRLS protocol has advantages in data packet transmission success rate and average throughput, which can improve the stability and reliability of the network

Nano-Communication for Biomedical Applications: A Review on the State-of-the-Art From Physical Layers to Novel Networking Concepts

We review EM modeling of the human body, which is essential for in vivo wireless communication channel characterization; discuss EM wave propagation through human tissues; present the choice of operational frequencies based on current standards and examine their effects on communication system performance; discuss the challenges of in vivo antenna design, as the antenna is generally considered to be an integral part of the in vivo channel; review the propagation models for the in vivo wireless communication channel and discuss the main differences relative to the ex vivo channel; and address several open research problems and future research directions

Routing In Resource Constrained Sensor Nanonetworks

Nano network is the communication network of nano nodes ranging from one to hundred nano meters in size. Nano nodes are resource constrained due to its small size. Limited battery power, small memory unit and low processing capability are the characteristics of nano network. To make communication between nano nodes possible, protocol stack is envisioned. The protocol stack consists of four layers which are: message process unit, network layer, media access control entity and PHY interface. Among these layers, PHY interface is implemented using Time spread on-off keying (TS-OOK) method and Media access control entity is implemented using Transparent MAC. Similarly network layer is implemented using flooding techniques. Network layer is the least explored and least studied layer in the protocol stack. Many algorithms are developed for PHY-interface but no significant work has been done on routing technique. In this thesis work, we present the solution to the network layer problem. Simple routing algorithm called Flooding is proposed as the routing technique. Flooding alone cannot solve the network layer problem. A new algorithm is needed which addresses the large number of redundant messages while fulfilling the memory and computation constraints of nano nodes. To make flooding efficient and suitable for nano network, a new routing model called RADAR routing is proposed. In RADAR model, only some of the nodes will generate message at a given time. This model helps to reduce number of packets which leads to the reduction in collision and increase in network throughput. This model is suitable with regard to energy consumption as well. RADAR model is implemented and studied using simulation tool called Nano-Sim. Simulations are performed by implementing RADAR model and without implementing RADAR model by setting different parameters. The simulation output is processed and probability of a packet to reach the destination is calculated for each simulation run. The result showed that probability value increases by implementing RADAR model as compared to without RADAR model. This demonstrates increased performance of RADAR model

Energy Harvesting-Aware Design for Wireless Nanonetworks

Nanotechnology advancement promises to enable a new era of computing and communication devices by shifting micro scale chip design to nano scale chip design. Nanonetworks are envisioned as artifacts of nanotechnology in the domain of networking and communication. These networks will consist of nodes of nanometer to micrometer in size, with a communication range up to 1 meter. These nodes could be used in various biomedical, industrial, and environmental monitoring applications, where a nanoscale level of sensing, monitoring, control and communication is required. The special characteristics of nanonetworks require the revisiting of network design. More specifically, nanoscale limitations, new paradigms of THz communication, and power supply via energy harvesting are the main issues that are not included in traditional network design methods. In this regard, this dissertation investigates and develops some solutions in the realization of nanonetworks. Particularly, the following major solutions are investigated. (I) The energy harvesting and energy consumption processes are modeled and evaluated simultaneously. This model includes the stochastic nature of energy arrival as well as the pulse-based communication model for energy consumption. The model identifies the effect of various parameters in this joint process. (II) Next, an optimization problem is developed to find the best combination of these parameters. Specifically, optimum values for packet size, code weight, and repetition are found in order to minimize the energy consumption while satisfying some application requirements (i.e., delay and reliability). (III) An optimum policy for energy consumption to achieve the maximum utilization of harvested energy is developed. The goal of this scheme is to take advantage of available harvested energy as much as possible while satisfying defined performance metrics. (IV) A communication scheme that tries to maximize the data throughput via a distributed and scalable coordination while avoiding the collision among neighbors is the last problem to be investigated. The goal is to design an energy harvesting-aware and distributed mechanism that could coordinate data transmission among neighbors. (V) Finally, all these solutions are combined together to create a data link layer model for nanonodes. We believe resolving these issues could be the first step towards an energy harvesting-aware network design for wireless nanosensor networks

Kablosuz sensör ağlarinda yönlü antenlerle enerji̇ veri̇mli̇ yönlendi̇rme

Without measurements, sustainable development effort can not progress in the right direction. Wireless sensor networks are vital for monitoring in real time and making accurate measurements for such an endeavor. However small energy storage in the sensors can become a bottleneck if the wireless sensor network is not optimized at the hardware and software level. Directional antennas are such optimization technologies at the hardware level. They have advantages over the omnidirectional antennas, such as high gain, less interference, longer transmission range, and less power consumption. In wireless sensor networks, most of the energy is consumed for communication. Considering the limited energy in small scale batteries of the sensors, energy efficient (aware) routing, is one of the most important software optimization techniques. The main goal of the technique is to improve the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. In the light of these observations, it is desirable to do a coupled design of directional antennas with network software, for fully exploiting the advantages offered by directional antenna technology. In this thesis, the possibilities of doing such integrated design are surveyed and improvements are suggested. The design of the proposed microstrip patch antenna array is discussed and the performance characteristics are assessed through simulations. In the benchmarks, the proposed routing method showed improvements in energy usage compared to the existing approaches.Ölçümler olmadan sürdürülebilir kalkınma çabaları doğru yönde ilerleyemez. Bu tür çabalar için, kablosuz sensör ağları, gerçek zamanlı olarak izleme ve kesin ölçümler yapmak için vazgeçilemez unsurdur. Ancak, sensör ağı, donanım ve yazılım düzeylerinde optimize edilmemişse, sensörlerde enerji yetersizliği görülebilinir. Yönlü antenler, donanım düzeyinde uygulanan optimizasyon teknolojilerinden biri olmakla birlikte, çok yönlü antenlerden farklı olarak, yüksek kazanç, daha az parazit, daha uzun iletim mesafesi ve daha az güç tüketimi sağlarlar. Kablosuz sensör ağlarında enerjinin çoğu iletişim için tüketilir. Sensörlerdeki limitli enerjili küçük ölçekli piller göz önüne alındığında, yazılım düzeyindeki önemli metodlardan biri olan enerji verimli (duyarlı) yönlendirme protokolü, kablosuz sensör ağının genel enerji kullanımını optimize etmek ve ömrünü uzatmak için gereklidir. Bu gözlemlerin ışığında, yönlü anten teknolojisinin sunduğu potansiyel avantajlardan tam olarak yararlanmak için, yönlü antenlerin ağ yazılımıyla birlikte entegre tasarımını yapmak arzu edilir. Bu tezde, böyle bir entegre tasarımın yapılma olasılıkları araştırılmış ve iyileştirmeler önerilmiştir. Tezde, küçük şeritli yamalı anten dizisinin tasarımı tartışılmış ve performans karakteristikleri simulasyonlarla ölçülmüştür. Önerilen yönlendirme algoritması, diğer yönlendirme algoritmaları ile karşılaştırıldığında, enerji kullanımında iyileştirmeler göstermiştirM.S. - Master of Scienc

A nanoscale communication network scheme and energy model for a human hand scenario

Real-time monitoring of medical test parameters as well as biological and chemical substances inside the human body is an aspiration which might facilitate the control of pathologies and would ensure better effectiveness in diagnostics and treatments. Future Body Area NanoNetworks (BANN) represent an ongoing effort to complement these initiatives, although due to its early stage of development, further research is required. This paper contributes with a hierarchical BANN architecture consisting of two types of nanodevices, namely, nanonodes and a nanorouter, which are conceptually designed using technologically available electronic components. A straightforward communication scheme operating at the THz band for the exchange of information among nanodevices is also proposed. Communications are conducted in a human hand scenario since, unlike other parts of the human body, the negative impact of path loss and molecular absorption noise on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in biological tissues is mitigated. However, data transmission is restricted by the tiny size of nanodevices and their extremely limited energy storing capability. To overcome this concern, nanodevices must be powered through the bloodstream and external ultrasound energy harvesting sources. Under these conditions, the necessary energy and its management have been thoroughly examined and assessed. The results obtained reveal the outstanding ability of nanonodes to recharge, thus enabling each pair of nanonode–nanorouter to communicate every 52 min. This apparently long period is compensated by the considerably high number of nanonodes in the network, which satisfies a quasi-constant monitoring of medical parameter readings.This work has been supported by the project AIM, ref. TEC2016-76465-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER, UE). Sebastian Canovas-Carrasco also thanks the Spanish MECD for an FPU (ref. FPU16/03530) pre-doctoral fellowship