The future of coffee and cocoa agroforestry in a warmer Mesoamerica

Climate change threatens cofee production and the livelihoods of thousands of families in Mesoamerica that depend on it. Replacing cofee with cocoa and integrating trees in combined agroforestry systems to ameliorate abiotic stress are among the proposed alternatives to overcome this challenge. These two alternatives do not consider the vulnerability of cocoa and tree species commonly used in agroforestry plantations to future climate conditions. We assessed the suitability of these alternatives by identifying the potential changes in the distribution of cofee, cocoa and the 100 most common agroforestry trees found in Mesoamerica. Here we show that cocoa could potentially become an alternative in most of cofee vulnerable areas. Agroforestry with currently preferred tree species is highly vulnerable to future climate change. Transforming agroforestry systems by changing tree species composition may be the best approach to adapt most of the cofee and cocoa production areas. Our results stress the urgency for land use planning considering climate change efects and to assess new combinations of agroforestry species in cofee and cocoa plantations in Mesoamerica

Diversification of Wairarapa hill country : the potential for agroforestry : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential for agroforestry on Wairarapa Hill Country farms. It was set against a background of a marked decline in real farm income on hill country sheep and beef farms in recent years. A broad perspective on project evaluation was taken with a review of the system components presented; covering hill country farming in New Zealand, the Wairarapa, Forestry in New Zealand, and Agroforestry. The results of an intertemporal linear programming model covering a 21 year period, suggest that agroforestry can be both a profitable and feasible investment for Wairarapa Hill Country farmers. Profitability is shown to be strongly influenced by the suitability of planting sites and final timber value. With respect to feasibility, cash-flow considerations are of overriding importance. Together with factors considered outside the model, particularly the management of an integrated livestock and agroforestry property, the need for individual evaluation of each circumstance is stressed. It is recommended that significant development of agroforestry in the Wairarapa will require some form of District Association to co-ordinate planting and marketing, and provide suitable extension and management services. Further development of the model for both agroforestry and land use evaluation is suggested

Women and Agroforestry: A Human Ecology Approach to Understanding The Needs and Priorities of Women Farmers in Africa

This study examined rural Ugandan women's lives to discover reasons why they may or may not practice agroforestry. These women are responsible for the triple roles of reproduction, production and community maintenance work, all carried out within the context of a gendered social environment. From the perspective of the social manifestations of gender, six key factors were identified. The findings were used to create a theoretical model of the interaction between rural women's lives and agroforestry systems. The model shows that agroforestry is not only a biophysical farming system; There is a human component in that interacts with other components to determine the success or failure of an agroforestry initiative. The model can be used to identify and understand the human component of the agroforestry system on an individual and community level.women in development, agroforestry programs, human ecology, women and work, Crop Production/Industries, Labor and Human Capital,

Selection of native trees for intercropping with coffee in the Atlantic Rainforest biome

A challenge in establishing agroforestry systems is ensuring that farmers are interested in the tree species, and are aware of how to adequately manage these species. This challenge was tackled in the Atlantic Rainforest biome (Brazil), where a participatory trial with agroforestry coffee systems was carried out, followed by a participatory systematisation of the farmers experiences. Our objective was to identify the main tree species used by farmers as well as their criteria for selecting or rejecting tree species. Furthermore, we aimed to present a specific inventory of trees of the Leguminosae family. In order to collect the data, we reviewed the bibliography of the participatory trial, visited and interviewed the farmers and organised workshops with them. The main farmers' criteria for selecting tree species were compatibility with coffee, amount of biomass, production and the labour needed for tree management. The farmers listed 85 tree species; we recorded 28 tree species of the Leguminosae family. Most trees were either native to the biome or exotic fruit trees. In order to design and manage complex agroforestry systems, family farmers need sufficient knowledge and autonomy, which can be reinforced when a participatory methodology is used for developing on-farm agroforestry systems. In the case presented, the farmers learned how to manage, reclaim and conserve their land. The diversification of production, especially with fruit, contributes to food security and to a low cost/benefit ratio of agroforestry systems. The investigated agroforestry systems showed potential to restore the degraded landscape of the Atlantic Rainforest biome

ECONOMICS OF AGROFORESTRY PRODUCTION IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

A dynamic optimization model for agroforestry management is developed where tree biomass and soil salinity evolve over time in response to harvests and irrigation water quantity and quality. The model is applied to agroforestry production in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Optimal water applications are at first increasing in soil salinity, then decreasing, while the harvest decision is relatively robust to changes in most of the underlying economic and physical parameters. Drainwater reuse for agroforestry production also appears promising: both net reuse volumes and the implied net returns to agroforestry are substantial.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Analysis Of Ecotourism Income Organic Vegetables On Agroforestri Land Of Kidul Pujon Village Kecamatan Pujon, Malang District

Abstract: The purposes of this study is to determine the increase and development of income through organic vegetable ecotourism on agroforestry land. This research was conducted in Pujon Kidul Village, Tulungrejo Hamlet in June - October 2018.The approach taken is participatory rural assessment, modification of Participatory Rural Appraisal / PRA in agroforestry farmers. The technique of determining respondents in this study uses purposive sampling.Intensive results of agroforestry (agrisilviculture) analysis, average agroforestry farmer income from carrot vegetable crops reached Rp.5568,750, - / harvest, large red chili reached Rp.6,160,000, - / harvest, cabbage reached Rp.2,220,000, - / harvest , mustard reached Rp. 3,077,778, - / harvest, shallot reached Rp. 8,350,000 / harvest, leek onion reached Rp 2,258,333, - / harvest, cayenne reached Rp 9,833,333, - / harvest, brongkoli reached Rp. 4,800,000, - / harvest, and eggplant reach Rp. 195,238, - / harvest. The average farmer income for agroforestry received revenue reaching Rp. 13,603,488, with total costs reaching Rp. 4,468,247, and the average profit reached Rp. 935,242. B / C Ratio value of 3.34. With these average profits, farmers have the potential in terms of economic improvement for forest farmers to live well. The production of Perhutani gum has an average land area of 10.5 ha. From that area it produces sap 267.1 Kg / Ha. The average income from the sale of sap reaches Rp 801.257, - / Ha. The existing stands are P. merksuii with an average diameter of 15.35 cm, average stand height of 15.35 meters, and the average number of stands per hectare as many as 403.95 trees.Farmers need to increase existing land intensification by paying attention to the level of development of agroforestry land so that it can provide optimum ecological and economicimpacts to the community

Agroforestry Options in Northwest Vietnam

The mountainous northwest of Vietnam is home for the majority of the country’s ethnic minorities. Poverty and food insecurity are common in the region, increasing population and land scarcity have induced the expansion of agricultural areas and consequent decline of land productivity due to soil erosion and land degradation. Local farmers have begun to practice agroforestry through the introduction of high value trees into traditional cropping systems with various combinations of timber, fruit, nut forage trees and annual crops. However, because of inherent production risks and many remaining uncertainties, assessing the long-term performance of agroforestry has remained challenging. We simulated prospective system benefits of agroforestry options by developing comprehensive and holistic models that aimed to explicitly consider all relevant risks and uncertainties. The initial findings reveal model components such as drought and frost and potential extreme weather events as the primary risks to agroforestry in the region. The analysis approach is a promising tool for ex-ante assessments of other planned interventions