Harnessing Collaborative Technologies: Helping Funders Work Together Better

This report was produced through a joint research project of the Monitor Institute and the Foundation Center. The research included an extensive literature review on collaboration in philanthropy, detailed analysis of trends from a recent Foundation Center survey of the largest U.S. foundations, interviews with 37 leading philanthropy professionals and technology experts, and a review of over 170 online tools.The report is a story about how new tools are changing the way funders collaborate. It includes three primary sections: an introduction to emerging technologies and the changing context for philanthropic collaboration; an overview of collaborative needs and tools; and recommendations for improving the collaborative technology landscapeA "Key Findings" executive summary serves as a companion piece to this full report

Challenges in using cryptography - End-user and developer perspectives

"Encryption is hard for everyone" is a prominent result of the security and privacy research to date. Email users struggle to encrypt their email, and institutions fail to roll out secure communication via email. Messaging users fail to understand through which most secure channel to send their most sensitive messages, and developers struggle with implementing cryptography securely. To better understand how to support actors along the pipeline of developing, implementing, deploying, and using cryptography effectively, I leverage the human factor to understand their challenges and needs, as well as opportunities for support. To support research in better understanding developers, I created a tool to remotely conduct developer studies, specifically with the goal of better understanding the implementation of cryptography. The tool was successfully used for several published developers studies. To understand the institutional rollout of cryptography, I analyzed the email history of the past 27 years at Leibniz University Hannover and measured the usage of email encryption, finding that email encryption and signing is hardly used even in an institution with its own certificate authority. Furthermore, the usage of multiple email clients posed a significant challenge for users when using S/MIME and PGP. To better understand and support end users, I conducted several studies with different text disclosures, icons, and animations to find out if users can be convinced to communicate via their secure messengers instead of switching to insecure alternatives. I found that users notice texts and animations, but their security perception did not change much between texts and visuals, as long as any information about encryption is shown. In this dissertation, I investigated how to support researchers in conducting research with developers; I established that usability is one of the major factors in allowing developers to implement the functions of cryptographic libraries securely; I conducted the first large scale analysis of encrypted email, finding that, again, usability challenges can hamper adoption; finally, I established that the encryption of a channel can be effectively communicated to end users. In order to roll out secure use of cryptography to the masses, adoption needs to be usable on many levels. Developers need to be able to securely implement cryptography, and user communication needs to be either encrypted by default, and users need to be able to easily understand which communication' encryption protects them from whom. I hope that, with this dissertation, I show that, with supporting humans along the pipeline of cryptography, better security can be achieved for all

A safety risk assessment framework for children's online safety based on a novel safety weakness assessment approach

This paper addresses the problem of children's online safety in the context of the growing digital landscape. With a surge in the use of digital technology among children, there has been an increase in online safety harms, risks and criminal incidents despite existing data protection and online privacy protection regulations. Most general security and privacy assessment approaches/standards focus mainly on protecting businesses from financial loss, but there remains a notable gap in methodologies specifically designed to cater to the unique challenges faced by children in the online space. To fill this gap, we propose a safety risk assessment approach that focuses specifically on children's online safety. The key novelty of our approach is providing an explainable and systematic evaluation of potential safety weaknesses of online services and applications based on precise automated mathematical reasoning. This framework has the potential to assist online service and app designers during the system design phase enabling them to proactively ensure Safety-by-Design, as well as auditors and users to understand the risks posed by existing services/apps, promoting further research on designing age-appropriate warnings and education materials for children and parents

Collocated Collaboration Analytics: Principles and Dilemmas for Mining Multimodal Interaction Data

© 2019, Copyright © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Learning to collaborate effectively requires practice, awareness of group dynamics, and reflection; often it benefits from coaching by an expert facilitator. However, in physical spaces it is not always easy to provide teams with evidence to support collaboration. Emerging technology provides a promising opportunity to make collocated collaboration visible by harnessing data about interactions and then mining and visualizing it. These collocated collaboration analytics can help researchers, designers, and users to understand the complexity of collaboration and to find ways they can support collaboration. This article introduces and motivates a set of principles for mining collocated collaboration data and draws attention to trade-offs that may need to be negotiated en route. We integrate Data Science principles and techniques with the advances in interactive surface devices and sensing technologies. We draw on a 7-year research program that has involved the analysis of six group situations in collocated settings with more than 500 users and a variety of surface technologies, tasks, grouping structures, and domains. The contribution of the article includes the key insights and themes that we have identified and summarized in a set of principles and dilemmas that can inform design of future collocated collaboration analytics innovations

Dynamic measuring tools for online discourse

When evaluating participation within an Asynchronous Learning Network (ALN), current best practices include counting messages and reviewing participant surveys. To understand the impact of more advanced dynamic measurement tools for use within an ALN, a web-based tool, known as iPET (the integrated Participation Evaluation Tool), was created. iPET, which leverages Social Network Analysis and Information Visualization techniques, was then evaluated via an empirical study. This research demonstrates that using a tool such as iPET increases participation within an ALN without increasing facilitator workload. Due to the fact that active online discussion is a key factor in the success of an ALN, this research demonstrates that dynamic measuring tools for online participation can help ensure a positive outcome within an online learning environment

현장 데이터 수집 능력을 확장하기 위한 자유도 높은 셀프 트래킹 기술의 디자인

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 컴퓨터공학부, 2019. 2. 서진욱.Collecting and tracking data in everyday contexts is a common practice for both individual self-trackers and researchers. The increase in wearable and mobile technologies for self-tracking encourages people to gain personal insights from the data about themselves. Also, researchers exploit self-tracking to gather data in situ or to foster behavioral change. Despite a diverse set of available tracking tools, however, it is still challenging to find ones that suit unique tracking needs, preferences, and commitments. Individual self-tracking practices are constrained by the tracking tools' initial design, because it is difficult to modify, extend, or mash up existing tools. Limited tool support also impedes researchers' efforts to conduct in situ data collection studies. Many researchers still build their own study instruments due to the mismatch between their research goals and the capabilities of existing toolkits. The goal of this dissertation is to design flexible self-tracking technologies that are generative and adaptive to cover diverse tracking contexts, ranging from personal tracking to research contexts. Specifically, this dissertation proposes OmniTrack, a flexible self-tracking approach leveraging a semi-automated tracking concept that combines manual and automated tracking methods to generate an arbitrary tracker design. OmniTrack was implemented as a mobile app for individuals. The OmniTrack app enables self-trackers to construct their own trackers and customize tracking items to meet their individual needs. A usability study and a field development study were conducted with the goal of assessing how people adopt and adapt OmniTrack to fulfill their needs. The studies revealed that participants actively used OmniTrack to create, revise, and appropriate trackers, ranging from a simple mood tracker to a sophisticated daily activity tracker with multiple fields. Furthermore, OmniTrack was extended to cover research contexts that enclose manifold personal tracking contexts. As part of the research, this dissertation presents OmniTrack Research Kit, a research platform that allows researchers without programming expertise to configure and conduct in situ data collection studies by deploying the OmniTrack app on participants' smartphones. A case study in deploying the research kit for conducting a diary study demonstrated how OmniTrack Research Kit could support researchers who manage study participants' self-tracking process. This work makes artifacts contributions to the fields of human-computer interaction and ubiquitous computing, as well as expanding empirical understanding of how flexible self-tracking tools can enhance the practices of individual self-trackers and researchers. Moreover, this dissertation discusses design challenges for flexible self-tracking technologies, opportunities for further improving the proposed systems, and future research agenda for reaching the audiences not covered in this research.일상의 맥락에서 데이터를 모으는 활동인 셀프 트래킹(self-tracking)은 개인과 연구의 영역에서 활발히 활용되고 있다. 웨어러블 디바이스와 모바일 기술의 발달로 인해 사람들은 각자의 삶에 대해 말해주는 데이터를 더 쉽게 수집하고, 통찰할 수 있게 되었다. 또한, 연구자들은 현장(in situ) 데이터를 수집하거나 사람들에게 행동 변화를 일으키는 데에 셀프 트래킹을 활용한다. 비록 셀프 트래킹을 위한 다양한 도구들이 존재하지만, 트래킹에 대해 다양화된 요구와 취향을 완벽히 충족하는 것들을 찾는 것은 쉽지 않다. 대부분의 셀프 트래킹 도구는 이미 설계된 부분을 수정하거나 확장하기에 제한적이다. 그렇기 때문에 사람들의 셀프 트래킹에 대한 자유도는 기존 도구들의 디자인 공간에 의해 제약을 받을 수밖에 없다. 마찬가지로, 현장 데이터를 수집하는 연구자들도 이러한 도구의 한계로 인해 여러 문제에 봉착한다. 연구자들이 데이터를 통해 답하고자 하는 연구 질문(research question)은 분야가 발전할수록 세분되고, 치밀해지기 때문에 이를 위해서는 복잡하고 고유한 실험 설계가 필요하다. 하지만 현존하는 연구용 셀프 트래킹 플랫폼들은 이에 부합하는 자유도를 발휘하지 못한다. 이러한 간극으로 인해 많은 연구자들이 각자의 현장 데이터 수집 연구에 필요한 디지털 도구들을 직접 구현하고 있다. 본 연구의 목표는 자유도 높은---연구적 맥락과 개인적 맥락을 아우르는 다양한 상황에 활용할 수 있는---셀프 트래킹 기술을 디자인하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 옴니트랙(OmniTrack)이라는 디자인 접근법을 제안한다. 옴니트랙은 자유도 높은 셀프 트래킹을 위한 방법론이며, 반자동 트래킹(semi-automated tracking)이라는 컨셉을 바탕으로 수동 방식과 자동 방식의 조합을 통해 임의의 트래커를 표현할 수 있다. 먼저 옴니트랙을 개인을 위한 모바일 앱 형태로 구현하였다. 옴니트랙 앱은 개개인이 자신의 트래킹 니즈에 맞는 트래커를 커스터마이징하여 활용할 수 있도록 구성되어 있다. 본고에서는 사람들이 어떻게 옴니트랙을 자신의 니즈에 맞게 활용하는지 알아보고자 사용성 테스트(usability testing)와 필드 배포 연구(field deployment study)를 수행하였다. 참가자들은 옴니트랙을 활발히 이용해 다양한 디자인의 트래커—아주 단순한 감정 트래커부터 여러 개의 필드를 가진 복잡한 일일 활동 트래커까지—들을 생성하고, 수정하고, 활용하였다. 다음으로, 옴니트랙을 현장 데이터 수집 연구에 활용할 수 있도록 연구 플랫폼 형태의 '옴니트랙 리서치 킷(OmniTrack Research Kit)'으로 확장하였다. 옴니트랙 리서치 킷은 연구자들이 프로그래밍 언어 없이 원하는 실험을 설계하고 옴니트랙 앱을 참가자들의 스마트폰으로 배포할 수 있도록 디자인되었다. 그리고 옴니트랙 리서치 킷을 이용해 일지기록 연구(diary study)를 직접 수행하였고, 이를 통해 옴니트랙 접근법이 어떻게 연구자들의 연구 목적을 이루는 데에 도움을 줄 수 있는지 직접 확인하였다. 본 연구는 휴먼-컴퓨터 인터랙션(Human-Computer Interaction) 및 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅(Ubiquitous Computing) 분야에 기술적 산출물로써 기여하며, 자유도 높은 셀프 트래킹 도구가 어떻게 개인과 연구자들을 도울 수 있는지 실증적인 이해를 증진한다. 또한, 자유도 높은 셀프트래킹 기술에 대한 디자인적 난제, 연구에서 제시한 시스템에 대한 개선방안, 마지막으로 본 연구에서 다루지 못한 다른 집단을 지원하기 위한 향후 연구 논제에 대하여 논의한다.Abstract CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Motivation 1.2 Research Questions and Approaches 1.2.1 Designing a Flexible Self-Tracking Approach Leveraging Semiautomated Tracking 1.2.2 Design and Evaluation of OmniTrack in Individual Tracking Contexts 1.2.3 Designing a Research Platform for In Situ Data Collection Studies Leveraging OmniTrack 1.2.4 A Case Study of Conducting an In Situ Data Collection Study using the Research Platform 1.3 Contributions 1.4 Structure of this Dissertation CHAPTER 2. Related Work 2.1 Background on Self-Tracking 2.1.1 Self-Tracking in Personal Tracking Contexts 2.1.2 Utilization of Self-Tracking in Other Contexts 2.2 Barriers Caused by Limited Tool Support 2.2.1 Limited Tools and Siloed Data in Personal Tracking 2.2.2 Challenges of the Instrumentation for In Situ Data Collection 2.3 Flexible Self-Tracking Approaches 2.3.1 Appropriation of Generic Tools 2.3.2 Universal Tracking Systems for Individuals 2.3.3 Research Frameworks for In Situ Data Collection 2.4 Grounding Design Approach: Semi-Automated Tracking 2.5 Summary of Related Work CHAPTER3 DesigningOmniTrack: a Flexible Self-Tracking Approach 3.1 Design Goals and Rationales 3.2 System Design and User Interfaces 3.2.1 Trackers: Enabling Flexible Data Inputs 3.2.2 Services: Integrating External Trackers and Other Services 3.2.3 Triggers: Retrieving Values Automatically 3.2.4 Streamlining Tracking and Lowering the User Burden 3.2.5 Visualization and Feedback 3.3 OmniTrack Use Cases 3.3.1 Tracker 1: Beer Tracker 3.3.2 Tracker 2: SleepTight++ 3.3.3 Tracker 3: Comparison of Automated Trackers 3.4 Summary CHAPTER 4. Understanding HowIndividuals Adopt and Adapt OmniTrack 4.1 Usability Study 4.1.1 Participants 4.1.2 Procedure and Study Setup 4.1.3 Tasks 4.1.4 Results and Discussion 4.1.5 Improvements A_er the Usability Study 4.2 Field Deployment Study 4.2.1 Study Setup 4.2.2 Participants 4.2.3 Data Analysis and Results 4.2.4 Reflections on the Deployment Study 4.3 Discussion 4.3.1 Expanding the Design Space for Self-Tracking 4.3.2 Leveraging Other Building Blocks of Self-Tracking 4.3.3 Sharing Trackers with Other People 4.3.4 Studying with a Broader Audience 4.4 Summary CHAPTER 5. Extending OmniTrack for Supporting In Situ Data Collection Studies 5.1 Design Space of Study Instrumentation for In-Situ Data Collection 5.1.1 Experiment-Level Dimensions 5.1.2 Condition-Level Dimensions 5.1.3 Tracker-Level Dimensions 5.1.4 Reminder/Trigger-Level Dimensions 5.1.5 Extending OmniTrack to Cover the Design Space 5.2 Design Goals and Rationales 5.3 System Design and User Interfaces 5.3.1 Experiment Management and Collaboration 5.3.2 Experiment-level Configurations 5.3.3 A Participants Protocol for Joining the Experiment 5.3.4 Implementation 5.4 Replicated Study Examples 5.4.1 Example A: Revisiting the Deployment Study of OmniTrack 5.4.2 Example B: Exploring the Clinical Applicability of a Mobile Food Logger 5.4.3 Example C: Understanding the Effect of Cues and Positive Reinforcement on Habit Formation 5.4.4 Example D: Collecting Stress and Activity Data for Building a Prediction Model 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Supporting Multiphase Experimental Design 5.5.2 Serving as Testbeds for Self-Tracking Interventions 5.5.3 Exploiting the Interaction Logs 5.6 Summary CHAPTER 6. Using the OmniTrack Research Kit: A Case Study 6.1 Study Background and Motivation 6.2 OmniTrack Configuration for Study Instruments 6.3 Participants 6.4 Study Procedure 6.5 Dataset and Analysis 6.6 Study Result 6.6.1 Diary Entries 6.6.2 Aspects of Productivity Evaluation 6.6.3 Productive Activities 6.7 Experimenter Experience of OmniTrack 6.8 Participant Experience of OmniTrack 6.9 Implications 6.9.1 Visualization Support for Progressive, Preliminary Analysis of Collected Data 6.9.2 Inspection to Prevent Misconfiguration 6.9.3 Providing More Alternative Methods to Capture Data 6.10 Summary CHAPTER 7. Discussion 7.1 Lessons Learned 7.2 Design Challenges and Implications 7.2.1 Making the Flexibility Learnable 7.2.2 Additive vs. Subtractive Design for Flexibility 7.3 Future Opportunities for Improvement 7.3.1 Utilizing External Information and Contexts 7.3.2 Providing Flexible Visual Feedback 7.4 Expanding Audiences of OmniTrack 7.4.1 Supporting Clinical Contexts 7.4.2 Supporting Self-Experimenters 7.5 Limitations CHAPTER 8. Conclusion 8.1 Summary of the Approaches 8.2 Summary of Contributions 8.2.1 Artifact Contributions 8.2.2 Empirical Research Contributions 8.3 Future Work 8.3.1 Understanding the Long-term E_ect of OmniTrack 8.3.2 Utilizing External Information and Contexts 8.3.3 Extending the Input Modality to Lower the Capture Burden 8.3.4 Customizable Visual Feedback 8.3.5 Community-Driven Tracker Sharing 8.3.6 Supporting Multiphase Study Design 8.4 Final Remarks APPENDIX A. Study Material for Evaluations of the OmniTrack App A.1 Task Instructions for Usability Study A.2 The SUS (System Usability Scale) Questionnaire A.3 Screening Questionnaire for Deployment Study A.4 Exit Interview Guide for Deployment Study A.5 Deployment Participant Information APPENDIX B Study Material for Productivity Diary Study B.1 Recruitment Screening Questionnaire B.2 Exit Interview Guide Abstract (Korean)Docto

Watching Storytelling: Visual Information in Oral Narratives

Oral narratives, though prolific, are increasingly being shared via some form of electronic mediation, and yet they are often glossed over in regard to the study of narrative. This study was designed to address the unique nature of oral narratives focusing on the information channels utilized by participants in their co-creation of stories. A comparative case study was undertaken of three groups who employed a variety of synchronous and asynchronous electronic mediation in their storytelling. Viewed through the lenses of Narratology and Social Presence Theory a combination of participant observation and qualitative semi-structured exploratory narrative interviews were undertaken with participants from 1001 Friday Nights of Storytelling, The Moth, and The Storyteller’s Guild of Second Life. Over three years several hundred stories (via 112 tellers) were observed at 38 storytelling sessions (14 live and in-person; 14 live and virtual; and five each of fixed video and or audio) at numerous venues. During these sessions the telling and listening behaviours of 227 participants were noted, 15 of which were subsequently interviewed. Multiple sources of visual information were observed and identified, three of which were selected for in-depth consideration, namely kinesics, reciprocity, and space. Conclusions derived from this study include that: Visual information shared during storytelling is prolific; Listening is not a passive experience, with reciprocities varying with the mediations utilized; The spaces in which we share stories influence our experiences of said stories; Co-create stories are unique for each participant; and Technological mediation between participants does affect the stories being co-created

What is, and what might be, learned from images shared during Twitter conversations among professionals?

This thesis explores the pedagogical potential of images shared during intra-professional conversations held on the social media platform, Twitter. Twitter chats are loosely synchronous exchanges of tweets sharing a unique, identifying keyword or hashtag. They are increasingly being used among professionals to create professional networks in which practice-knowledge and opinion might be shared and where communal connections may be created. As such, they may serve as sites in which professional learning unfolds, both in relation to workplace practices and in relation to the development of new forms of professional practice around social media use. Because the exchanges and broadcasts on Twitter are, for the most part, public, and the conversations are ongoing, they also provide open, freely-accessible, and constantly renewing resources for use in pre-service learning contexts. The research focused on two example chats, one held among midwives and the other among teachers. Inspired by the increasing use of images in new forms of digital communication, the research used images tweeted during the chats as starting points from which to explore flows of knowledge and affect. Data were generated from observations of the two Twitter chats over extended periods, together with interviews with practising professionals, student professionals and their educators in which images were used as elicitation devices. The research combined an approach to reading and “being with” data inspired by ideas drawn from the work of Deleuze (1994; Williams 2013) and Deleuze and Guattari (1988; Massumi 1992), with approaches to reading images drawn from visual social semiotics (Kress and van Leeuwen 1996). The findings suggest that Twitter chats such as those studied here can provide rich opportunities for professional learning. Practice knowledge can flow from one participant to many others, and flows of affect can be used to remoralize individuals and communities. Both chats seemed to serve as sites in which professionals could experience a positivity and affirmation that was not always available in the workplace. However, the forces and intensities at play in these spaces influence both what is said and what is not said, creating new norms of online interaction that generally seemed to avoid negative comments or open disagreement. Educators saw potential to use images such as those shared in the chats in a variety of ways. For example, images could be used as prompts for examination and critique of practices. The educators I interviewed also suggested that the images could be used to help student professionals develop their sensitivity to the forces and intensities that produce particular practices. Group interviews with student professionals suggested that the former happened spontaneously when students encountered and discussed such images, but that the latter might need deliberate facilitation or prompting. The thesis concludes with some recommendations for: (i) educators considering using such images in pre-service professional learning; (ii) professional developers considering using Twitter chats; and (iii) policy-makers involved in drafting guidelines for professionals’ use of social media

Conceitos e métodos para apoio ao desenvolvimento e avaliação de colaboração remota utilizando realidade aumentada

Remote Collaboration using Augmented Reality (AR) shows great potential to establish a common ground in physically distributed scenarios where team-members need to achieve a shared goal. However, most research efforts in this field have been devoted to experiment with the enabling technology and propose methods to support its development. As the field evolves, evaluation and characterization of the collaborative process become an essential, but difficult endeavor, to better understand the contributions of AR. In this thesis, we conducted a critical analysis to identify the main limitations and opportunities of the field, while situating its maturity and proposing a roadmap of important research actions. Next, a human-centered design methodology was adopted, involving industrial partners to probe how AR could support their needs during remote maintenance. These outcomes were combined with literature methods into an AR-prototype and its evaluation was performed through a user study. From this, it became clear the necessity to perform a deep reflection in order to better understand the dimensions that influence and must/should be considered in Collaborative AR. Hence, a conceptual model and a humancentered taxonomy were proposed to foster systematization of perspectives. Based on the model proposed, an evaluation framework for contextualized data gathering and analysis was developed, allowing support the design and performance of distributed evaluations in a more informed and complete manner. To instantiate this vision, the CAPTURE toolkit was created, providing an additional perspective based on selected dimensions of collaboration and pre-defined measurements to obtain “in situ” data about them, which can be analyzed using an integrated visualization dashboard. The toolkit successfully supported evaluations of several team-members during tasks of remote maintenance mediated by AR. Thus, showing its versatility and potential in eliciting a comprehensive characterization of the added value of AR in real-life situations, establishing itself as a generalpurpose solution, potentially applicable to a wider range of collaborative scenarios.Colaboração Remota utilizando Realidade Aumentada (RA) apresenta um enorme potencial para estabelecer um entendimento comum em cenários onde membros de uma equipa fisicamente distribuídos precisam de atingir um objetivo comum. No entanto, a maioria dos esforços de investigação tem-se focado nos aspetos tecnológicos, em fazer experiências e propor métodos para apoiar seu desenvolvimento. À medida que a área evolui, a avaliação e caracterização do processo colaborativo tornam-se um esforço essencial, mas difícil, para compreender as contribuições da RA. Nesta dissertação, realizámos uma análise crítica para identificar as principais limitações e oportunidades da área, ao mesmo tempo em que situámos a sua maturidade e propomos um mapa com direções de investigação importantes. De seguida, foi adotada uma metodologia de Design Centrado no Humano, envolvendo parceiros industriais de forma a compreender como a RA poderia responder às suas necessidades em manutenção remota. Estes resultados foram combinados com métodos da literatura num protótipo de RA e a sua avaliação foi realizada com um caso de estudo. Ficou então clara a necessidade de realizar uma reflexão profunda para melhor compreender as dimensões que influenciam e devem ser consideradas na RA Colaborativa. Foram então propostos um modelo conceptual e uma taxonomia centrada no ser humano para promover a sistematização de perspetivas. Com base no modelo proposto, foi desenvolvido um framework de avaliação para recolha e análise de dados contextualizados, permitindo apoiar o desenho e a realização de avaliações distribuídas de forma mais informada e completa. Para instanciar esta visão, o CAPTURE toolkit foi criado, fornecendo uma perspetiva adicional com base em dimensões de colaboração e medidas predefinidas para obter dados in situ, que podem ser analisados utilizando o painel de visualização integrado. O toolkit permitiu avaliar com sucesso vários colaboradores durante a realização de tarefas de manutenção remota apoiada por RA, permitindo mostrar a sua versatilidade e potencial em obter uma caracterização abrangente do valor acrescentado da RA em situações da vida real. Sendo assim, estabelece-se como uma solução genérica, potencialmente aplicável a uma gama diversificada de cenários colaborativos.Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Informátic