The discourse of Olympic security 2012 : London 2012

This paper uses a combination of CDA and CL to investigate the discursive realization of the security operation for the 2012 London Olympic Games. Drawing on Didier Bigo’s (2008) conceptualisation of the ‘banopticon’, it address two questions: what distinctive linguistic features are used in documents relating to security for London 2012; and, how is Olympic security realized as a discursive practice in these documents? Findings suggest that the documents indeed realized key banoptic features of the banopticon: exceptionalism, exclusion and prediction, as well as what we call ‘pedagogisation’. Claims were made for the exceptional scale of the Olympic events; predictive technologies were proposed to assess the threat from terrorism; and documentary evidence suggests that access to Olympic venues was being constituted to resemble transit through national boundarie

Medical Translation English-Spanish. Theory, Difficulties and Translation Proposal for a Research Article

The current era is characterized by the exchange of information between people around the world. In this way, medical translation is one of the essential tasks in the area of Health Sciences. For this reason, the purpose of this undergraduate dissertation is to study the field of medical translation by explaining the difficulties and translation processes applied in a practical case: a research article. The project uses the previous analysis of the text as a fundamental tool for the translation of scientific texts, as well as parallel texts in English and Spanish. The result of this project provides answers to several relevant questions that must be taken into account during the translation of medical texts. Finally, it can be observed how previous analysis and translation procedures are crucial in the proposed translation of the article Surgery for Drug- Resistant Epilepsy in Children.La época actual esta caracterizada por el intercambio de información entre personas de todo el mundo. De este modo, la traducción médica es una de las tareas más importantes en el área de las ciencias de la salud. Por este motivo, el propósito de este trabajo de fin de grado es analizar el campo de la traducción médica exponiendo las dificultades y los procesos de traducción aplicados en un caso práctico: un artículo de investigación. Este trabajo utiliza el análisis previo del texto como herramienta básica para la traducción de textos científicos, así como textos paralelos en inglés y en español. El resultado de este proyecto aporta respuestas a varias preguntas relevantes que hay que tener en cuenta durante la traducción de textos médicos. Finalmente, el lector podrá comprobar cómo los análisis previos y los procedimientos de traducción son cruciales en la propuesta de traducción del artículo Surgery for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children.Grado en Estudios Inglese

Proxy documents as a source of measurement error in the Comparative Manifestos Project

This paper considers the issue of document type diversity in the Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP). For many years the CMP has been collecting and coding a variety of documents, such as speeches, pamphlets, newspaper articles and leaflets, as manifesto proxies. By using previously unexplored archival material to perform controlled comparisons between different types of documents, this paper argues that the coding of such documents introduced considerable measurement error to party position estimates. Statistical analyses indicate that this measurement error is systematic rather than random as it is often manifested as centrist bias in parties' left–right position estimates. Consequently, the paper argues that random error correction methods cannot always correct for error attributed to the coding of proxy documents. The paper concludes with some recommendations for third-party users of the CMP data and documents and a plea to the CMP research tea

A Journey through the History of Drug Quality Control, from Greece to Costa Rica

This review describes the evolution and development of drug quality control throughout different times in history. A bibliographic research was conducted from the database JSTOR from the University of Costa Rica. This database contains information from academic journals and books from XIX to date. It covers different fields, such as anthropology, arts, biology, botany, health sciences, politics, pharmacy, history. Information was retrieved when the following words were present: pharmacy, quality, quality control, drugs, medicines, pharmacopoeia. In ancient history India, China, Greece, Egypt, Africa and America used different medicinal plants to cure or alleviate disease. In some of these regions, methods were developed to make medicinal preparations as safe and effective as possible. In ancient Greece, the need to have a complete knowledge of drugs to carry out their proper preparation and detect adulterations was emerging. In Europe there was a constant development in the field, from books containing simple lists of preparations and medicines to more complex pharmacopoeias that included quality of the medicines. In America, the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) first appeared in 1820. In Costa Rica, the Specialized Laboratory for Drug Analysis, actually the Laboratory for Analysis and Pharmaceutical Consulting (LAYAFA), was created in 1965, to ensure the quality and safety of medicines registered and marketed in Costa Rica. Differences between regulations and quality standards across centuries and countries, and their impact on the commercialization of medicines, have promoted regulations to harmonize the requirements related to different activities of the processes of manufacture, registration and quality control of medicines.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmaci

The Structure of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Peace-Keeping Agreements

This paper investigates the intersections of language, graphological structure and peacekeeping agreements. It analyses the language use in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) peacekeeping agreement texts (EPKA) and thereby enriches the theoretical and analytical body of knowledge on the discourse of peace negotiation in contemporary English. It is hoped that the findings of this research sheds light on how the discourse features of the language of peacekeeping documents are organized to which will provide materials for ESP materials production and curricula design. Furthermore, this article contributes to existent scholarship on structural constructions of peace negotiation and on the dynamics of contemporary ECOWAS peacekeeping agreement discourse

German studies in the U.S.: history, theory and practice

This paper discusses the profile of German Studies in the context of interdisciplinary intercultural area studies, as it has been developed during the last decades at universities in the United States, particularly at the University of California at Berkeley. In its first part, it deals with the institutional history of German Studies, in the second, with the underlying cultural theory, and in the third, with its hermeneutic practice.Este artigo discute o perfil dos German Studies no contexto de estudos interdisciplinares e interculturais, Corno desenvolvidos, especificamente, nas universidades dos Estados Unidos, em particular na Universidade de Califórnia, em Berkeley, nas últimas décadas. A primeira parte trata da história institucional dos Gennon Studies, a segunda, da teoria cultural que lhe serve de base, e a terceira, da prática hermenêutica

Institutional translation for international organizations: a close look at terminological challenges

Traballo Fin de Grao en Lingua e Literatura Inglesas. Curso 2020-2021In the present circumstances, in which international relations are fundamental in the mediation and solution of global conflicts, multilingualism has become essential both for internal and external communication. This has increased dramatically the demand for fight-quality translations. This dissertation will mainly focus on the translation for different international organizations, or the so-called institutional translation. The translation of documents of a legal nature has become one of the most recurrent fields of institutions and this works aims to explore the translation policies and practices adopted in different international organizations. The first part of this dissertation will consist in a description of the institutional context, translation procedures, protocols and methodologies. The main goal is to analyse how translation operates within different organizations taking into account the fact that non-governmental organizations’ lack of infrastructure usually leads to volunteer practices. The second part will deal with phraseology and terminology management in institutional translations from English into Spanish (and viceversa). An identification of the characteristic expressions employed in these institutions will be carried out to analyse how they are treated to ensure reliability and quality to the translations. To do so, a Spanish-English parallel corpus with source texts and translations taken from different international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations will be collected. A concordance program such AntConc or similar, will be used in search for frequent terms and frequent combinations of words to see how they are being delt with in the translated versions. The main purpose is to explore the adopted approaches and to compare and compile a list of equivalences of the most common correspondences that can be useful for translators in the institutional context

Web 2.0, language resources and standards to automatically build a multilingual named entity lexicon

This paper proposes to advance in the current state-of-the-art of automatic Language Resource (LR) building by taking into consideration three elements: (i) the knowledge available in existing LRs, (ii) the vast amount of information available from the collaborative paradigm that has emerged from the Web 2.0 and (iii) the use of standards to improve interoperability. We present a case study in which a set of LRs for different languages (WordNet for English and Spanish and Parole-Simple-Clips for Italian) are extended with Named Entities (NE) by exploiting Wikipedia and the aforementioned LRs. The practical result is a multilingual NE lexicon connected to these LRs and to two ontologies: SUMO and SIMPLE. Furthermore, the paper addresses an important problem which affects the Computational Linguistics area in the present, interoperability, by making use of the ISO LMF standard to encode this lexicon. The different steps of the procedure (mapping, disambiguation, extraction, NE identification and postprocessing) are comprehensively explained and evaluated. The resulting resource contains 974,567, 137,583 and 125,806 NEs for English, Spanish and Italian respectively. Finally, in order to check the usefulness of the constructed resource, we apply it into a state-of-the-art Question Answering system and evaluate its impact; the NE lexicon improves the system’s accuracy by 28.1%. Compared to previous approaches to build NE repositories, the current proposal represents a step forward in terms of automation, language independence, amount of NEs acquired and richness of the information represented

Nomos and Narrative Before Nomos and Narrative

I imagine that when Robert Cover\u27s Nomos and Narrative essay first reached the editors of the Harvard Law Review, their befuddlement derived not so much from Cover\u27s framing of his review of the 1982 Supreme Court term with a philosophically opaque discussion of the interdependence of law and narrative, but from the illustrations that he drew from biblical and rabbinic texts of ancient and medieval times. For Cover, both intellectually and as a matter of personal commitment, these ancient texts evoke a nomian world, rooted more in communally shared stories of legal origins and utopian ends than in the brutalities of institutional enforcement, one from which modem legal theory and practice have much to learn and to emulate. Since my own head is buried most often in such ancient texts, rather than in modem courts, I thought it appropriate to reflect, by way of offering more such texts for our consideration, on the long-standing preoccupation with the intersection and interdependency of the discursive modes of law and narrative in Hebrew biblical and rabbinic literature, without, I hope, romanticizing them. Indeed, I wish to demonstrate that what we might think of as a particularly modem tendency to separate law from narrative, has itself an ancient history, and to show how that tendency, while recurrent, was as recurrently resisted from within Jewish tradition. In particular, at those cultural turning points in which laws are extracted or codified from previous narrative settings, I hope to show that they are also renarrativized (or remythologized) so as to address, both ideologically and rhetorically, changed socio-historical settings. I will do so through admittedly selective, yet telling, examples