FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SMALL FOOD MANUFACTURING AND RETAILING BUSINESSES

The 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances provides robust information on the financing of small businesses including an overview of their firm's organization, financial characteristics, and credit use. Information from the survey is used in this study to compare the financial characteristics of food manufacturing and retailing small businesses. On average, both food manufacturing and food retailing small businesses had positive financial characteristics. Although they were only marginally profitable and liquid, they were highly solvent. Accounts receivable and inventory comprise nearly half of food manufacturers' total assets and a third of food retailers' assets. By most financial measures, food retailers were statistically smaller than food manufacturers. Both food manufacturers and food retailers utilized computers, primarily for accounting/bookkeeping, inventory management, and administration. Primary financial services used are for transactions and trade credit. Nearly three-fourths of food manufacturing and one-half of food retailing supply purchases involve trade credit from a large number of trade credit suppliers, on average. Both firm types have higher credit risks and are tardy with repayment of trade credit. Nonparametric rank order statistical methods were required because normality assumptions were violated due to asymmetric distribution of small firms.business, finances, food, manufacturing, retail, small, survey, Agribusiness,

RURAL SMALL BUSINESS FINANCE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1998 SURVEY OF SMALL BUSINESS FINANCES

The 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances provides robust information on the financing of small businesses including an overview of their firm's organization, financial characteristics, and credit use. Information from the survey is used in this study to compare the financial characteristics of urban and rural small businesses. Overall, rural small businesses have very similar financial characteristics, access to technology and financial services, sources of financial capital, and creditworthiness when compared to urban small businesses. Nonparametric rank order statistical methods were required when comparing dollar values of urban and rural small businesses because normality assumptions were violated due to the high concentration of small firms. On average, rural and urban small businesses were strong financially and profitable. Accounts receivable and inventory comprise nearly a third of total assets. Most were organized as either sole proprietorships or corporations. The majority of small businesses utilized computers, primarily for accounting/bookkeeping, administration, and email. Primary financial services are used for transactions and trade credit. Two-thirds of purchases involve trade credit from more than 20 trade credit suppliers, on average. Both urban and rural small businesses rely on a wide variety of sources for financing and use each to the same degree. Rural small businesses possess higher creditworthiness, but nearly one-fourth still report being delinquent on business obligations.rural, small, business, finances, survey, Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Tax compliance costs of small business in Croatia

The paper measures the tax compliance costs of business units that pay personal income tax in Croatia for the period 2001/2002. They comprise all taxes, except custom duties. The regressive effect is proven, measured by different size measures. In the cost structure the cost of time, predominantly the owner’s time, is predominant. Concerning the type of tax, personal income tax and VAT are, in aggregate, of almost the same importance. As a percentage of GDP the tax compliance costs come to around 0.8%. The share of personal income tax compliance costs in the relevant tax revenues is extremely high (almost 100%), which calls for the substitution of self-assessment by lump sum (estimated) tax. Psychological cost of that tax does not seem to be significant. The share of VAT is also considerable (25% or at least 16%), calling for a higher exemption threshold

Principles of Good Practice - AFF

Principles of good governance and an ethical code of conduct are crucial for ensuring that structures of accountability and transparency are core strengths of our nonprofit community. These guiding principles afford organizations the support they need to pursue their various callings and the flexibility they need to adapt to the changing needs of their communities and their fields of endeavor

Take one

Take One was published every two weeks and focused on short news items and announcements "for the people of University Hospital.

AGRIBUSINESS TRADE CREDIT -- A PARADOX

This article utilizes the Survey of Small Business Finances to compare and contrast trade credit practices of rural small business firms. The results show that these firms borrow money and then re-lend it to others in the form of trade credit. There is a strong direct relationship between various forms of debt held by these firms and their level of accounts receivable (e.g., trade credit extended to customers). The actual level of re-lending varied among firms depending on their adoption level of computers that are used for cash management and credit services. Accounts receivable balances were also dependent on sales levels, costs of doing business, and other income. The most important source of funds for re-lending was obtained from mortgages and stockholder loans. These fund sources provide continuity in trade credit availability. The results also identify key factors affecting demand for trade credit extended to agribusinesses by other firms' accounts payable. A strong inverse relationship exists between accounts payable and other credit sources, indicating they are substitutes. Greater availability of credit from mortgages, other loans, and credit lines, reduces demand for accounts payable. However, they are not perfect substitutes. Demand for accounts payable varies with level of sales, cost of doing business, other income, and adoption of technology.agribusiness, trade, credit, finance, Agribusiness,

The present status and future trends of business education programs in Nebraska public high schools

Curriculum and instruction decision making is a complex problem. Many attempts have been made in the past two decades to develop new curriculum and instructional techniques which the proponents of such programs and procedures hoped would be adopted by schools throughout the nation. In many cases, however, such hopes were never realized since the classroom teacherp were unwilling or unable to use the new approaches. Thus a more realistic picture of what is currently happening or what will happen in any curriculum area can be better determined by finding out what classroom teachers anticipate than by relying on the prediction of national experts. The data and findings of this study will provide information about what the business teachers in the state feel will be taking place in their classrooms in the next five years. Such information will provide business education curriculum developers with an indication of how those in the field view curriculum and instructional changes. It will also provide a baseline against which data obtained\u27in future surveys can be computed

On the Place of Text Data in Lifelogs, and Text Analysis via Semantic Facets

Current research in lifelog data has not paid enough attention to analysis of cognitive activities in comparison to physical activities. We argue that as we look into the future, wearable devices are going to be cheaper and more prevalent and textual data will play a more significant role. Data captured by lifelogging devices will increasingly include speech and text, potentially useful in analysis of intellectual activities. Analyzing what a person hears, reads, and sees, we should be able to measure the extent of cognitive activity devoted to a certain topic or subject by a learner. Test-based lifelog records can benefit from semantic analysis tools developed for natural language processing. We show how semantic analysis of such text data can be achieved through the use of taxonomic subject facets and how these facets might be useful in quantifying cognitive activity devoted to various topics in a person's day. We are currently developing a method to automatically create taxonomic topic vocabularies that can be applied to this detection of intellectual activity

2010-2011 Annual Report

This document is part of a digital collection provided by the Martin P. Catherwood Library, ILR School, Cornell University, pertaining to the effects of globalization on the workplace worldwide. Special emphasis is placed on labor rights, working conditions, labor market changes, and union organizing.ILRF_SPC_AR_2011_final_web.pdf: 70 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

Predicting Job Performance Criteria From Interview-based Impressions Of Personality

Two laboratory experiments investigated the utility of evaluating applicant personality characteristics in the employment interview for purposes of predicting relevant job performance criteria. In Study One, three target applicants were created from personality information drawn from the two poles of an accounting/advertising factor dimension and a second dimension. Subjects judged the personality characteristics of the target applicants, their suitability for one of two jobs (accounting/bookkeeping or writing and advertising copy), and their probable level of job performance. It was predicted that job applicant targets congruent with the job characteristics would be judged more suitable for the job than targets who were incongruent with the job. Results indicated that reliable and accurate personality judgments of the three job applicants were made. Congruence between applicant personality traits and specific jobs was the critical factor in determining general suitability judgments (including job satisfaction). However, this congruence had no apparent effect on predictions of future job performance.;In Study Two, criterion measures were obtained on two job related tasks (an accounting/bookkeeping task and an advertising copy writing task). Subjects in this experiment were chosen on the basis of their scores on two factor dimensions of personality demonstrated to be conceptually and empirically related to jobs involving accounting and bookkeeping tasks and advertising copy writing tasks. Controlling for differences due to experience and intelligence, results indicated that congruence between personality traits and the specified jobs was related to job satisfaction, but not job performance criteria.;The prediction of job satisfaction from interview based impressions of personality in Study One was found to have a basis for validity, as demonstrated by the significant relationship between job satisfaction and congruent personality obtained in Study Two. Personality traits were not generally used by subjects in Study One to discriminate among applicants on job performance criteria, and in Study Two, no relationship was found between these criteria and congruent personality traits. Results are discussed in terms of the potential of the employment interview for predicting job satisfaction from applicant personality and the implications of this prediction for personnel selection