IoT trust and reputation: a survey and taxonomy

IoT is one of the fastest-growing technologies and it is estimated that more than a billion devices would be utilized across the globe by the end of 2030. To maximize the capability of these connected entities, trust and reputation among IoT entities is essential. Several trust management models have been proposed in the IoT environment; however, these schemes have not fully addressed the IoT devices features, such as devices role, device type and its dynamic behavior in a smart environment. As a result, traditional trust and reputation models are insufficient to tackle these characteristics and uncertainty risks while connecting nodes to the network. Whilst continuous study has been carried out and various articles suggest promising solutions in constrained environments, research on trust and reputation is still at its infancy. In this paper, we carry out a comprehensive literature review on state-of-the-art research on the trust and reputation of IoT devices and systems. Specifically, we first propose a new structure, namely a new taxonomy, to organize the trust and reputation models based on the ways trust is managed. The proposed taxonomy comprises of traditional trust management-based systems and artificial intelligence-based systems, and combine both the classes which encourage the existing schemes to adapt these emerging concepts. This collaboration between the conventional mathematical and the advanced ML models result in design schemes that are more robust and efficient. Then we drill down to compare and analyse the methods and applications of these systems based on community-accepted performance metrics, e.g. scalability, delay, cooperativeness and efficiency. Finally, built upon the findings of the analysis, we identify and discuss open research issues and challenges, and further speculate and point out future research directions.Comment: 20 pages, 5 Figures, 3 tables, Journal of cloud computin

IoT trust and reputation: a survey and taxonomy

IoT is one of the fastest-growing technologies and it is estimated that more than a billion devices would be utilized across the globe by the end of 2030. To maximize the capability of these connected entities, trust and reputation among IoT entities is essential. Several trust management models have been proposed in the IoT environment; however, these schemes have not fully addressed the IoT devices features, such as devices role, device type and its dynamic behavior in a smart environment. As a result, traditional trust and reputation models are insufficient to tackle these characteristics and uncertainty risks while connecting nodes to the network. Whilst continuous study has been carried out and various articles suggest promising solutions in constrained environments, research on trust and reputation is still at its infancy. In this paper, we carry out a comprehensive literature review on state-of-the-art research on the trust and reputation of IoT devices and systems. Specifically, we first propose a new structure, namely a new taxonomy, to organize the trust and reputation models based on the ways trust is managed. The proposed taxonomy comprises of traditional trust management-based systems and artificial intelligence-based systems, and combine both the classes which encourage the existing schemes to adapt these emerging concepts. This collaboration between the conventional mathematical and the advanced ML models result in design schemes that are more robust and efficient. Then we drill down to compare and analyse the methods and applications of these systems based on community-accepted performance metrics, e.g. scalability, delay, cooperativeness and efficiency. Finally, built upon the findings of the analysis, we identify and discuss open research issues and challenges, and further speculate and point out future research directions.Comment: 20 pages, 5 Figures, 3 tables, Journal of cloud computin

Data-Driven Understanding of Smart Service Systems Through Text Mining

Smart service systems are everywhere, in homes and in the transportation, energy, and healthcare sectors. However, such systems have yet to be fully understood in the literature. Given the widespread applications of and research on smart service systems, we used text mining to develop a unified understanding of such systems in a data-driven way. Specifically, we used a combination of metrics and machine learning algorithms to preprocess and analyze text data related to smart service systems, including text from the scientific literature and news articles. By analyzing 5,378 scientific articles and 1,234 news articles, we identify important keywords, 16 research topics, 4 technology factors, and 13 application areas. We define ???smart service system??? based on the analytics results. Furthermore, we discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of our work, such as the 5Cs (connection, collection, computation, and communications for co-creation) of smart service systems and the text mining approach to understand service research topics. We believe this work, which aims to establish common ground for understanding these systems across multiple disciplinary perspectives, will encourage further research and development of modern service systems

Impact of Positioning Technology on Human Navigation

In navigation from one place to another, spatial knowledge helps us establish a destination and route while travelling. Therefore, sufficient spatial knowledge is a vital element in successful navigation. To build adequate spatial knowledge, various forms of spatial tools have been introduced to deliver spatial information without direct experience (maps, descriptions, pictures, etc.). An innovation developed in the 1970s and available on many handheld platforms from the early 2000s is the Global Position System (GPS) and related map and text-based navigation support systems. Contemporary technical achievements, such as GPS, have made navigation more effective, efficient, and comfortable in most outdoor environments. Because GPS delivers such accurate information, human navigation can be supported without specific spatial knowledge. Unfortunately, there is no universal and accurate navigation system for indoor environments. Since smartphones have become increasingly popular, we can more frequently and easily access various positioning services that appear to work both indoors and outdoors. The expansion of positioning services and related navigation technology have changed the nature of navigation. For example, routes to destination are progressively determined by a “system,” not the individual. Unfortunately we only have a partial and nascent notion of how such an intervention affects spatial behaviour. The practical purpose of this research is to develop a trustworthy positioning system that functions in indoor environments and identify those aspects those should be considered before deploying Indoor Positioning System (IPS), all towards the goal of maintaining affordable positioning accuracy, quality, and consistency. In the same way that GPS provides worry free directions and navigation support, an IPS would extend such opportunities to many of our built environments. Unfortunately, just as we know little about how GPS, or any real time navigation system, affects human navigation, there is little evidence suggesting how such a system (indoors or outdoors) changes how we find our way. For this reason, in addition to specifying an indoor position system, this research examines the difference in human’s spatial behaviour based on the availability of a navigation system and evaluates the impact of varying the levels of availability of such tools (not available, partially available, or full availability). This research relies on outdoor GPS, but when such systems are available indoors and meet the accuracy and reliability or GPS, the results will be generalizable to such situations

BUILDING TRUST FOR SERVICE ASSESSMENT IN INTERNET-ENABLED COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT DESIGN & REALIZATION ENVIRONMENTS

Reducing costs, increasing speed and leveraging the intelligence of partners involved during product design processes are important benefits of Internet-enabled collaborative product design and realization environments. The options for cost-effective product design, re-design or improvement are at their peak during the early stages of the design process and designers can collaborate with suppliers, manufacturers and other relevant contributors to acquire a better understanding of associated costs and product viability. Collaboration is by no means a new paradigm. However, companies have found distrust of collaborative partners to be the most intractable obstacle to collaborative commerce and Internet-enabled business especially in intellectual property environments, which handle propriety data on a constant basis. This problem is also reinforced in collaborative environments that are distributed in nature. Thus trust is the main driver or enabler of successful collaborative efforts or transactions in Internet-enabled product design environments. Focus is on analyzing the problem of ¡®trust for services¡¯ in distributed collaborative service provider assessment and selection, concentrating on characteristics specific to electronic product design (e-Design) environments. Current tools for such collaborative partner/provider assessment are inadequate or non-existent and researching network, user, communication and service trust problems, which hinder the growth and acceptance of true collaboration in product design, can foster new frontiers in manufacturing, business and technology. Trust and its associated issues within the context of a secure Internet-enabled product design & realization platform is a multifaceted and complex problem, which demands a strategic approach crossing disciplinary boundaries. A Design Environment Trust Service (DETS) framework is proposed to incorporate trust for services in product design environments based on client specified (or default) criteria. This involves the analysis of validated network (objective) data and non-network (subjective) data and the use of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology for the selection of the most efficient service provision alternative through the minimization of distance from a specified ideal point and interpreted as a Dynamic (Design) Trust Index (DTI) or rank. Hence, the service requestor is provided with a quantifiable degree of belief to mitigate information asymmetry and enable knowledgeable decision-making regarding trustworthy service provision in a distributed environment

A trust framework for peer-to-peer interaction in ad hoc networks

PhDAs a wider public is increasingly adopting mobile devices with diverse applications, the idea of who to trust while on the move becomes a crucial one. The need to find dependable partners to interact is further exacerbated in situations where one finds oneself out of the range of backbone structures such as wireless base stations or cellular networks. One solution is to generate self-started networks, a variant of which is the ad hoc network that promotes peer-to-peer networking. The work in this thesis is aimed at defining a framework for such an ad hoc network that provides ways for participants to distinguish and collaborate with their most trustworthy neighbours. In this framework, entities create the ability to generate trust information by directly observing the behaviour of their peers. Such trust information is also shared in order to assist those entities in situations where prior interactions with their target peers may not have existed. The key novelty points of the framework focus on aggregating the trust evaluation process around the most trustworthy nodes thereby creating a hierarchy of nodes that are distinguished by the class, defined by cluster heads, to which they belong. Furthermore, the impact of such a framework in generating additional overheads for the network is minimised through the use of clusters. By design, the framework also houses a rule-based mechanism to thwart misbehaving behaviour or non-cooperation. Key performance indicators are also defined within this work that allow a framework to be quickly analysed through snapshot data, a concept analogous to those used within financial circles when assessing companies. This is also a novel point that may provide the basis for directly comparing models with different underlying technologies. The end result is a trust framework that fully meets the basic requirements for a sustainable model of trust that can be developed onto an ad hoc network and that provides enhancements in efficiency (using clustering) and trust performance

Smart Wireless Sensor Networks

The recent development of communication and sensor technology results in the growth of a new attractive and challenging area - wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A wireless sensor network which consists of a large number of sensor nodes is deployed in environmental fields to serve various applications. Facilitated with the ability of wireless communication and intelligent computation, these nodes become smart sensors which do not only perceive ambient physical parameters but also be able to process information, cooperate with each other and self-organize into the network. These new features assist the sensor nodes as well as the network to operate more efficiently in terms of both data acquisition and energy consumption. Special purposes of the applications require design and operation of WSNs different from conventional networks such as the internet. The network design must take into account of the objectives of specific applications. The nature of deployed environment must be considered. The limited of sensor nodes� resources such as memory, computational ability, communication bandwidth and energy source are the challenges in network design. A smart wireless sensor network must be able to deal with these constraints as well as to guarantee the connectivity, coverage, reliability and security of network's operation for a maximized lifetime. This book discusses various aspects of designing such smart wireless sensor networks. Main topics includes: design methodologies, network protocols and algorithms, quality of service management, coverage optimization, time synchronization and security techniques for sensor networks

(Un)making the (post)human : biopolitics and the corporatization of the body in Margaret Atwood's Oryx and crake

Oryx and Crake (2003) de Margaret Atwood, o primeiro romance na trilogia Maddaddam, retrata um mundo pós-apocalíptico em que a espécie humana está praticamente extinta devido à disseminação de um vírus sintético, evento referido no texto como “o dilúvio.” Seguindo Snowman, o último homem à face da Terra, nos seus esforços para sobreviver num ambiente biológico e ecológico hostil, o romance produz uma narrativa fracturada que permite a Atwood comentar acerca de práticas sociopolíticas e económicas contemporâneas, bem como concepções tradicionais do sujeito presentes na cultural ocidental, ao mesmo tempo imaginando um futuro sem o ser humano. Esta dissertação desenvolve o argumento de que a narrativa de Atwood reproduz uma rede de estruturas de vigilância, disciplina e controlo biopolítico dominadas por autoridades corporativas, que integram o indivíduo, simultaneamente, num contexto de apropriação científica e capitalista que resulta na comercialização e reificação do corpo do indivíduo. O biopoder capitalista exercido pelas corporações perpetua uma tradição patriarcal e antropocêntrica que coloca o indivíduo humano, branco, do sexo masculino, no seu centro, desta forma retirando ao corpo não humano, não branco e não masculino o direito à subjectividade, à agência política e, como consequência, o direito à vida, e assim o reduzindo ao estatuto de “disposable other” (Braidotti 2013:28). Nesta dissertação, defende-se ainda que, através de Oryx e do mundo pós-apocalíptico dominado pelos Crakers, Atwood fornece-nos formas alternativas do sujeito, formas estas liminares que, encontrando-se na fronteira do poder corporativo mas nunca a este pertencendo, têm a capacidade de se mover através destes espaços vigilados pelas tecnologias biopolíticas. Deste modo, estas personagens desestabilizam dicotomias discursivas e políticas aparentemente estáticas. Finalmente, proponho que estes sujeitos alternativos abrem um espaço na narrativa para questionar outras formas de “ser” que não serão talvez puramente humanas, mas poderão constituir um indivíduo pós-humano ou pós-antropocêntrico. Começo esta dissertação com uma análise de género da obra de Atwood, com particular atenção à história genológica de Oryx and Crake, numa tentativa de situar o romance dentro um conjunto (mais ou menos flexível) de géneros literários. Tal análise é especialmente relevante para esta obra, visto que a bifurcação da narrativa, por um lado, numa distopia biocorporativa, e, por outro, num futuro pós-apocalíptico, colocam o texto na fronteira entre géneros, apropriando várias tradições e temáticas literárias, mas nunca se comprometendo apenas com um. Este capítulo propõe que o hibridismo genológico do romance reproduz uma crítica presente em Atwood ao modelo binário, muitas vezes selado, que, durante muito tempo, tem dominado as tradições literárias e sociopolíticas das culturas ocidentais. Desta forma, as escolhas de género de Atwood permitem examinar e questionar estruturas socioculturais, económicas e políticas que dominam o discurso ocidental, e que se reflectem nas relações binárias entre humano/não humano, masculino/feminino, sujeito/objecto. O Capítulo II examina a relação entre o laboratório biotecnológico e o mercado capitalista, com o intuito de iniciar a minha teorização da reificação e comodificação do corpo humano. Aqui, propõe-se que a representação de uma sociedade neoliberal e híper-científica dominada pelo interesse capitalista serve para Atwood criticar a realidade contemporânea marcada pela globalização de práticas político-económicas que concentram todo o poder político, jurídico, legal e económico nas mãos de corporações transnacionais, desta forma criando um fosso cada vez maior entre uma minoria privilegiada e as massas de cidadãos marginalizados. Este argumento é suportado por uma leitura do binário “compounds/pleeblands.” Este capítulo também teoriza o conceito de biopoder no contexto corporativo capitalista da obra de Atwood. Tomando como base de análise os conceitos originais de “biopoder” e “sociedades disciplinares” de Michel Foucault, identifico um conjunto de instrumentos de vigilância e controlo utilizados pelas corporações para conter e regular (e regularizar) os corpos dos “compounders” e dos “pleeblanders” dentro de uma rede de fronteiras e espaços rigidamente definidos. Concentro-me, principalmente, no uso dos corpos dos “pleeblanders” como cobaias insuspeitas no contexto de progresso e lucro biotecnológicos, analisando o modo como a utilização do corpo do “pleeblander” como espaço de experimentação o/a transforma, por um lado, em propriedade da corporação, e, por outro, num instrumento biopolítico utilizado contra si mesmo, desta forma impedindo o indivíduo de reclamar qualquer direito sobre si ou o seu corpo. Neste contexto, e adoptando alguns conceitos de Jacques Derrida, começo a avançar uma análise de Oryx enquanto presença intersticial que interrompe e subverte o discurso patriarcal e binário desta sociedade. Finalmente, o Capítulo III produz uma leitura do corpo da mulher e do corpo do animal dentro deste contexto de biopoder corporativo. Este capítulo afasta-se um pouco do conceito de Foucault, de modo a dar mais atenção a outros discursos teóricos pertinentes ao estudo do binário humano/não humano. Concentro-me na relação estabelecida entre o humano e o animal dentro do laboratório, onde se identifica a predominância de uma hierarquia antropocêntrica que centra o poder sobre o corpo e sobre a vida nas mãos do cientista humano, desta forma retirando qualquer subjectividade ou agência ao animal. Esta relação dentro do laboratório está intimamente ligada a um medo de contaminação e desejo de contenção que vê todos os corpos não tradicionais, como o animal, como ameaças ao espaço puro e limpo do laboratório, e que precisam, portanto, de ser eliminados. O capítulo vira-se, depois, para uma discussão mais detalhada da reificação e capitalização do corpo do animal, através da análise da presença dos pigoons e dos ChickieNobs no texto. Associado a estes animais está o acto de comer a carne animal, que denota a presença de uma tradição “carnofalogocêntrica,” termo concebido por Jacques Derrida (1991), que subjuga o corpo do animal e da mulher ao poder do “Homem.” Começo, então, aqui a analisar o corpo da mulher, que, como o do animal, é entendido como volátil, perigoso e que precisa de ser contido. Examino a reprodução de uma estrutura sociocultural patriarcal no espaço doméstico, que identifica a mulher com questões de maternidade, assim eliminando-a enquanto indivíduo e reduzindo-a à sua biologia. A relação entre o acto de comer e o corpo feminino também é aqui analisada, em particular com Ramona, notando-se assim uma identificação da mulher com o animal. Finalmente, o capítulo retorna a Oryx, cuja posição privilegiada coloca em questão a aparente estabilidade das hierarquias estabelecidas no laboratório e no âmbito doméstico. Proponho aqui que a objectificação do corpo de Oryx confere à personagem um maior controlo sobre o seu corpo, permitindo-lhe fugir ao discurso patriarcal e, consequentemente, abrindo-o ao escrutínio do “outro.”Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake (2003), the first novel in the Maddaddam trilogy, depicts a post-apocalyptic landscape where humanity has gone all but extinct by the dissemination of a man-made virus, referred to in the narrative as the “flood.” Following Snowman, the last human on Earth, as he attempts to survive in a biologically and ecologically hostile environment, the novel produces a fractured narrative that allows Atwood to critique current sociopolitical and economic structures, and traditional Western conceptions of subjectivity, while imagining a future without the human individual. This dissertation argues that Atwood’s narrative reproduces a network of corporately-mandated structures of biopolitical surveillance, discipline and control that integrate the subject within a combined setting of scientific and marketplace capitalism, which results in the commodification of the subject’s body. Corporate capitalist biopower perpetuates an anthropocentric, patriarchal tradition that positions the human, white, male subject at its center, in this way closing off subjectivity, political agency and, ultimately, the right to life, to nonhuman, non-white, non-male bodies, which are, as a result, reduced to the status of “disposable others” (Braidotti 2013:28). This project further argues that Atwood provides us with alternative or liminal forms of subjectivity with the character of Oryx and the Craker-ruled post-apocalyptic imagining. These liminal subjects stand at the borders of corporate power, and can move between and across surveilled biopolitical boundaries, in this way disrupting seemingly well-defined, static binary formations. Finally, these alternative subjects open up a space for thinking about subjectivity as perhaps not entirely human, but instead authorizing the emergence of a posthuman or post-anthropocentric self

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Being infrastructure-less and without central administration control, wireless ad-hoc networking is playing a more and more important role in extending the coverage of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks, wireless LAN, etc). This book includes state-of-the-art techniques and solutions for wireless ad-hoc networks. It focuses on the following topics in ad-hoc networks: quality-of-service and video communication, routing protocol and cross-layer design. A few interesting problems about security and delay-tolerant networks are also discussed. This book is targeted to provide network engineers and researchers with design guidelines for large scale wireless ad hoc networks

Foucault 2.0: Discipline, Governmentality and Ethics

The rise of globalisation, along with the proliferation of the internet and the development of groundbreaking technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning and blockchain technology has, in the twenty-first century, given rise to a complex nexus of mutable relations that lends itself to a continuation and recontextualization of the kind of philosophical explorations and analyses that Michel Foucault started in the previous century. This then is what this thesis sets out to do, with the ultimate goal of seeing what lessons we can learn from Foucault, particularly in the context of the modern organisation and business ethics. This thesis tracks the trajectory of the subject through Foucault’s work on power, governmentality, and ethics. Central to this, is the question of how Foucault’s analysis may be applied to the contemporary networked, high-tech social context today’s subject finds himself in. I contend that today’s subject constitutes itself in a way that is very different from the subject of any preceding epoch. The subject of today is a divided subject, a type of Deleuzian "dividual" who occupies both the physical world as well as the virtual one. In order to understand how the modern subject constitutes itself within the current socio-economic and technological environment, I use a quasi-Foucauldian methodology. However, instead of analysing practices in hospitals, sanitariums, schools or clinics, my focus is on the twenty-first century enterprise - on companies and corporations as microcosms of a larger social, economic and technological macrocosm. This entails a thoroughgoing investigation into the twenty-first century organisation - its discourses, its mechanisms of power, domination, and control, “managementality”, and the care of the self or the self-constitution of the contemporary working subject. Ultimately, this results in an attempt to unearth an entirely new perspective on ethics, particularly in business.A importância cada vez mais reforçada da globalização, em conjunto com a expansão da internet e o desenvolvimento de tecnologias pioneiras, tais como a inteligência artificial, machine learning e as tecnologias de block chain, têm dado origem, no século XXI, a um nexo complexo de relações mutáveis que se adequa a uma continuação e uma recontextualização da atividade exploratória e analítica filosófica que Michel Foucault iniciou no século passado. Neste sentido, o principal objetivo desta tese prende-se com uma examinação das lições que podemos tirar dos conceitos de Foucault, e em particular, no contexto da organização empresarial contemporânea e de ética empresarial. Esta tese acompanha a trajetória do tema através da obra de Foucault nas áreas de poder, governamentalidade e ética, tendo como cerne especial a questão de como a análise de Foucault pode ser aplicada no contexto social, contemporâneo, high-tech, e online, no qual o tema se insere. O tema abordado, hoje em dia, é constituído de uma forma bem diferente a qualquer abordagem feita no passado, considerando, agora, que se trata de um sujeito dividido, um tipo de “dividual” Deleuziano que ocupa o mundo físico e o mundo virtual ao mesmo tempo. Para entender como o sujeito moderno se constitui no ambiente socioeconómico e tecnológico atual, uma metodologia quase-Foucaultiana é usada. Contudo, em vez de analisar estas práticas em hospitais, sanitários, escolas ou clínicas, pretende-se focar nas empresas do século XXI, olhando-as como microcosmos de um macrocosmo social, económico e tecnológico mais abrangente. Isto implica investigar a organização empresarial do século XXI – os seus discursos, os seus mecanismos de poder, a sua dominação e controlo, a sua managementality, e a noção de cuidar de si e como se constitui como um sujeito trabalhador contemporâneo. Por último, pretende-se apontar para uma nova perspetiva sobre a ética, sobretudo, na área de negócios