Análisis y caracterización de la logística inversa de baterías recargables en Bogotá.

14 Páginas.Este documento presenta una caracterización y un análisis de la situación de la logística inversa en el sector de las baterías recargables en Bogotá, con el objetivo de identificar las prácticas asociadas a la logística inversa y las condiciones que impiden la creación de un mercado para este tipo de baterías. Se formularon varias hipótesis, que fueron comprobadas mediante el análisis estadístico a partir de las respuestas de las encuestas aplicadas a empresas representativas que pertenecen a distintos sectores de la cadena de suministro de baterías recargables en la ciudad de Bogotá. Adicionalmente, se elaboró un análisis de la normatividad colombiana acerca de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos, y de las opciones que tienen las empresas para disponerlo

Closed-loop Supply Chain Network Design under Carbon Emission Regulations

This paper considers a closed–loop supply chain (CLSC) network design problem that accounts for the impact of carbon emission regulations. Three regulatory policy settings are considered; namely, (a) firms are subject to mandatory carbon caps on the amount of carbon they emit, (b) firms are taxed on the amount of emissions, and (c) firms can participate in a carbon cap and trade system. Traditional CLSC network design models are extended to account for the carbon emissions caused by transportation under different transportation modes. Model validations are demonstrated via a case study. Through detailed sensitivity analysis, we investigate how the parameters of regulatory emission control policies affect aspects of the CLSC network design such as product allocation and transportation configuration. This new formulation provides the decision makers with tools to balance the trade-offs between usual costs and the impact of carbon emission regulations. It also highlights the significance of incorporating carbon emission considerations when designing the CLSC network

Supply chain network optimization with environmental impacts

Traditionally the design of supply chains has been based on economic objectives. As societal environment concerns grow, environmental aspects are also emerging, at the industry level, as decisive factors within the context of supply chain management. The investment towards logistics structures that consider both economic and environmental performance is nowadays an important research topic. However, much is still to be done. This paper, addresses the planning and design of supply chain structures for annual profit maximization, while considering environmental aspects. The latter are accounted through the Eco-indicator methodology, which is used to quantify the damage to human health. Profit and environmental impacts are balanced through the use of an optimization approach adapted from symmetric fuzzy linear programming (SFLP), while the supply chain is modelled as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization problem using the Resource-Task- Network (RTN) methodology. The obtained model is validated through the solution of an example, where its applicability to supply chain problems is demonstrated

A systems approach for forward and reverse logistics design: maximising value from customer involvement

PURPOSE. There is significant potential for adding value by involving customer in the design process and delivery of logistic services. In order to add value to the overall logistic system, this paper proposes applying an integrated systems approach for the design of forward and reverse logistics services in order to build a self-organising service that can maximise efficiencies and in particular reduce reverse logistics costs. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH. Two exploratory case studies were conducted in the logistics systems of housing repair and maintenance sector in the UK. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, observations, and documented evidence. FINDINGS. The findings of the cross-case analysis suggests that systems approach expressed as the Vanguard Method (Seddon 2008) has a direct impact on enhancing forward logistics performance and reducing reverse product flows by nourishing three dimensions for learning from demand-driven analysis; capturing customer clean information, demand predictability and categorisation, and failure demand analysis. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS. Findings from exploratory case studies cannot be easily generalised. Hence, further case studies are needed to enrich the findings, and to facilitate their industrial applications. Further, the paper explores the utilisation of the Vanguard Method only in the area of housing repairs and maintenance logistics services. It would be valuable for future studies to further investigate the utilisation of the Vanguard Method in other logistics services settings. ORIGINALITY/VALUE. The paper demonstrates an important dynamics of how logistics services can incorporate customer demands into the logistics design process

Estado del arte cadenas de abastecimientos sostenibles: una visión de los últimos 20 años

Los estudios sobre la cadena de abastecimiento remonta al siglo pasado, pero el termino se popularizo cuando fue usado por un consultor de una compañía quien lo utilizo en una entrevista en el Financial Times en 1982, pero ya fue hasta 1990 cuando este termino se popularizo evolucionando y mencionándose en varios contextos, es mucho los que el estado del arte ha avanzado en estos últimos 30 años es por esto que este trabajo plantea un escenarios general que muestre como ha sido esta evolución a través de una revisión literaria exhaustiva de artículos especializados enfatizando en temas como que es la cadena de abastecimiento, la medición de su desempeño, el desarrollo sostenible, las cadenas de suministro sostenibles y la logística verde

A Multi-Objective Fuzzy Approach to Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design with Regard to Dynamic Pricing

During the last decade, reverse logistics networks received a considerable attention due to economic importance and environmental regulations and customer awareness. Integration of leading and reverse logistics networks during logistical network design is one of the most important factors in supply chain. In this research, an Integer Linear Programming model is presented to design a multi-layer reverse-leading, multi-product, and multi-period integrated logistics network by considering multi-capacity level for facilities under uncertainty condition. This model included three objectives: maximizing profit, minimizing delay of goods delivering to customer, and minimizing returned raw material from suppliers. This research gives financial incentives to encourage customers in order to return their used product. Considering that the remaining value of used products is the main incentive of a company to buy second-handed goods, a dynamic pricing approach is determined to define purchase price for these types of products, and based on that, the percentage of returned products were collected by customers. In addition, in this study, parameters have uncertainty features and are vague; therefore, at first, they are converted into exact parameters and, then, because model is multi-objective, the fuzzy mathematical programming approach is used to convert multi-objective model into a single objective; finally, the model by version 8 of Lingo is run. In order to solve a large-sized model, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was applied. Computational results indicate the effect of the proposed purchase price on encourage customers to return the used products

Sustainable supply chain network design integrating logistics outsourcing decisions in the context of uncertainties

Les fournisseurs de services logistiques (3PLs) possèdent des potentialités pour activer les pratiques de développement durables entre les différents partenaires d’une chaîne logistique (Supply Chain SC). Il existe un niveau optimal d'intégration des 3PLs en tant que fournisseurs, pour s’attendre à des performances opérationnelles élevées au sein de toute la SC. Ce niveau se traduit par la distinction des activités logistiques à externaliser de celles à effectuer en interne. Une fois que les activités logistiques externalisés sont stratégiquement identifiées, et tactiquement dimensionnées, elles doivent être effectuées par des 3PLs appropriés afin d’endurer les performances économiques ; sociales ; et environnementales de la SC. La présente thèse développe une approche holistique pour concevoir une SC durable intégrant les 3PLs, dans un contexte incertain d’affaires et politique de carbone. Premièrement, une approche de modélisation stochastique en deux étapes est suggérée pour optimiser à la fois le niveau d'intégration des 3PLs, et le niveau d'investissement en technologies sobres au carbone, et ce dans le contexte d’une SC résiliente aux changements climatiques. Notre SC est structurée de façon à capturer trois principales préoccupations du Supply Chain Management d’une entreprise focale FC (e. g. le fabricant) : Sécurité d’approvisionnement, Segmentation de distribution, et Responsabilité élargie des producteurs. La première étape de l'approche de modélisation suggère un plan stochastique basé sur des scenarios plus probables, afin de capturer les incertitudes inhérentes à tout environnement d’affaires (e. g. la fluctuation de la demande des différents produits ; la qualité et la quantité de retour des produits déjà utilisés ; et l’évolution des différents coûts logistiques en fonction du temps). Puis, elle propose un modèle de programmation stochastique bi-objectif, multi-période, et multi-produit. Le modèle de programmation quadratique, et non linéaire consiste à minimiser simultanément le coût logistique total espéré, et les émissions de Gaz à effet de Serre de la SC fermée. L'exécution du modèle au moyen d'un algorithme basé sur la méthode Epsilon-contraint conduit à un ensemble de configurations Pareto optimales d’une SC dé- carbonisée, avant tout investissement en technologie sobre au carbone. Chacune de ces configurations sépare les activités logistiques à externaliser de celles à effectuer en interne. La deuxième étape de l'approche de modélisation permet aux décideurs de choisir la meilleure configuration de la SC parmi les configurations Pareto optimales identifiées. Le concept de Prix du Carbone Interne est utilisé pour établir un plan stochastique du prix de carbone, dans le cadre d'un régime de déclaration volontaire du carbone. Nous proposons un ensemble des technologies sobres au carbone, dans le domaine de transport des marchandises, disposées à concourir pour contrer les politiques incertaines de carbone. Un modèle stochastique combinatoire, et linéaire est développé pour minimiser le coût total espéré, sous contraintes de l’abattement du carbone; limitation du budget, et la priorité attribuée pour chaque Technologie Réductrice de carbone (Low Carbone Reduction LCR). L'injection de chaque solution Pareto dans le modèle, et la résolution du modèle conduisent à sélectionner la configuration de la SC, la plus résiliente aux changements climatiques. Cette configuration définit non seulement le plan d'investissement optimal en LCR, mais aussi le niveau optimal d’externalisation de la logistique dans la SC. Deuxièmement, une fois que les activités logistiques à externaliser sont stratégiquement définies et tactiquement dimensionnées, elles ont besoin d’être effectuées par des 3PL appropriées, afin de soutenir la FC à construire une SC durable et résiliente. Nous suggérons DEA-QFD / Fuzzy AHP- Conception robuste de Taguchi : Une approche intégrée & robuste, pour sélectionner les 3PL candidats les plus efficients. Les critères durables et les risques liés à l’environnement d’affaires, sont identifiés, classés et ordonnés. Le Déploiement de la Fonction Qualité (QFD) est renforcé par le Processus Hiérarchique Analytique (AHP), et par la logique floue pour déterminer avec consistance l'importance relative de chaque facteur de décision, et ce, conformément aux besoins logistiques réels, et stratégies d'affaires de la FC. L’Analyse d’Enveloppement des Données (DEA) Data Envelopment Analysis conduit à limiter la liste des candidats, uniquement à ceux d’efficiences comparables, et donc excluant tout candidat moins efficient. La technique de conception robuste Taguchi permet de réaliser un plan d'expérience qui détermine un candidat idéal nommé 'optimum de Taguchi' ; un Benchmark pour comparer les 3PLs candidats. Par suite, le 3PL le plus efficient est celui le plus proche de cet optimum. Nous conduisons actuellement une étude de cas d’une entreprise qui fabrique et commercialise les fours à micro-ondes pour valider la modélisation stochastique en deux étapes. Certains aspects concernant l’application de l’approche sont reportés. Enfin, un exemple de sélection d’un 3PL durable pour s’occuper de la logistique inverse est fourni, pour démontrer l'applicabilité de l'approche intégrée & robuste, et montrer sa puissance par rapport aux approches populaires de sélection.The Third-Party Logistics service providers (3PLs) have the potentialities to activate sustainable practices between different partners of a Supply Chain (SC). There exists an optimal level of integrating 3PLs as suppliers of a Focal Company within the SC, to expect for high operational performances. This level leads to distinguish all the logistics activities to outsource from those to perform in-house. Once the outsourced logistics activities are strategically identified, and tactically dimensioned, they need to be performed by appropriate 3PLs to sustain economic, social and environmental performances of the SC. The present thesis develops a holistic approach to design a sustainable supply chain integrating 3PLs, in the context of business and carbon policy uncertainties. First, a two-stage stochastic modelling approach is suggested to optimize both the level of 3PL integration, and of Low Carbon Reduction LCR investment within a climate change resilient SC. Our SC is structured to capture three main SC management issues of the Focal Company FC (e.g. The manufacturer) : Security of Supplies; Distribution Segmentation; and Extended Producer Responsibility. The first-stage of the modelling approach suggests a stochastic plan based scenarios capturing business uncertainties, and proposes a two-objective, multi-period, and multi-product programming model, for minimizing simultaneously, the expected logistics total cost, and the Green House Gas GHG emissions of the whole SC. The run of the model by means of a suggested Epsilon-constraint algorithm leads to a set of Pareto optimal decarbonized SC configurations, before any LCR investment. Each one of these configurations distinguishes the logistics activities to be outsourced, from those to be performed in-house. The second-stage of the modelling approach helps the decision makers to select the best Pareto optimal SC configuration. The concept of internal carbon price is used to establish a stochastic plan of carbon price in the context of a voluntary carbon disclosure regime, and we propose a set of LCR technologies in the freight transportation domain ready to compete for counteracting the uncertain carbon policies. A combinatory model is developed to minimize the total expected cost, under the constraints of; carbon abatement, budget limitation, and LCR investment priorities. The injection of each Pareto optimal solution in the model, and the resolution lead to select the most efficient climate resilient SC configuration, which defines not only the optimal plan of LCR investment, but the optimal level of logistics outsourcing within the SC as well. Secondly, once the outsourced logistics are strategically defined they need to be performed by appropriate 3PLs for supporting the FC to build a Sustainable SC. We suggest the DEA-QFD/Fuzzy AHP-Taguchi Robust Design: a robust integrated selection approach to select the most efficient 3PL candidates. Sustainable criteria, and risks related to business environment are identified, categorized, and ordered. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is reinforced by Analytic Hierarchic Process (AHP), and Fuzzy logic, to consistently determine the relative importance of each decision factor according to the real logistics needs, and business strategies of the FC. Data Envelopment Analysis leads to shorten the list of candidates to only those of comparative efficiencies. The Taguchi Robust Design technique allows to perform a plan of experiment, for determining an ideal candidate named ‘optimum of Taguchi’. This benchmark is used to compare the remainder 3Pls candidates, and the most efficient 3PL is the closest one to this optimum.We are currently conducting a case study of a company that manufactures and markets microwave ovens for validating the two-stage stochastic approach, and certain aspects of its implementation are provided. Finally, an example of selecting a sustainable 3PL, to handle reverse logistics is given for demonstrating the applicability of the integrated & robust approach, and showing its power compared to popular selection approaches. Keywords:Third Party Logistics; Green Supply Chain design; Stochastic Multi-Objective Optimization; Carbon Pricing; Taguchi Robust Design

Multi-objective reverse logistics network design and analysis

Implementing an efficient closed-loop recovery network requires establishing appropriate logistics systems for flows of new, used, and recovered products. Reverse logistics has received increasing attention from researchers in the last few decades. This research addresses logistics network design in an integrated reverse logistics context. We present a multi-objective facility location and allocation model with multiple commodities. Three objectives are considered: overall cost minimization, product returns collection maximization, and product recovery maximization. The purpose is to obtain a set of non-dominating solutions for facility arrangement among the potential facilities as well as the associated material flows between these facilities and customers. The facility capacities are treated as discrete parameters and are imposed on each product type independently. Numerical examples are presented to analyze the model performance while implementing the constraint method. Finally, the trade-off relationship between the three competing objectives are presented and analyzed. Keywords. Reverse logistics; Multi-objective optimization, Constraint metho

A Bi-Objective Integrated Reverse Supply Chain Design for Durable Products

Over the past few years, manufacturers in several countries are faced with legislations on the take-back of their End-Of-Life (EOL) products. Meanwhile, many companies are recognizing the product recovery as an opportunity for saving production costs and accessing new markets. Reverse supply chains (RSCs) process used products returns so as to recover value by re-processing them and redistributing them in the market. This thesis proposes a RSC design model that simultaneously considers forward and reverse flows in the context of durable products. Such products consist of different modules, parts, and materials that can be recovered through several disposition options. Since RSCs deal with multiple quality states of used items, we assume that the returned items fit into two quality categories that differ in the quantities of recoverable components, as well as their available quantity and price. Unlike the majority of contributions in the literature, we focus on all types of recovery options in the network design model. Moreover, rather than considering a single profit maximization objective function, we also consider another objective for maximizing environmental benefits. We formulate this problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model. We apply the proposed model to an academic case study in the context of EOL washing machines. The bi-objective RSC design model is solved by the aid of the ɛ-constraint method. Finally, in order to identify the significant factors affecting each objective function, a set of sensitivity analysis tests is conducted. Managerial implications are also provided based on the results of the sensitivity analysis and the ɛ-constraint method