Security and Privacy for Green IoT-based Agriculture: Review, Blockchain solutions, and Challenges

open access articleThis paper presents research challenges on security and privacy issues in the field of green IoT-based agriculture. We start by describing a four-tier green IoT-based agriculture architecture and summarizing the existing surveys that deal with smart agriculture. Then, we provide a classification of threat models against green IoT-based agriculture into five categories, including, attacks against privacy, authentication, confidentiality, availability, and integrity properties. Moreover, we provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward secure and privacy-preserving technologies for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. In addition, we analyze the privacy-oriented blockchain-based solutions as well as consensus algorithms for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. Based on the current survey, we highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions in the security and privacy of green IoT-based agriculture

Fault-Tolerant Secure Data Aggregation Schemes in Smart Grids: Techniques, Design Challenges, and Future Trends

Secure data aggregation is an important process that enables a smart meter to perform efficiently and accurately. However, the fault tolerance and privacy of the user data are the most serious concerns in this process. While the security issues of Smart Grids are extensively studied, these two issues have been ignored so far. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of fault-tolerant and differential privacy schemes for the Smart Gird. We selected papers from 2010 to 2021 and studied the schemes that are specifically related to fault tolerance and differential privacy. We divided all existing schemes based on the security properties, performance evaluation, and security attacks. We provide a comparative analysis for each scheme based on the cryptographic approach used. One of the drawbacks of existing surveys on the Smart Grid is that they have not discussed fault tolerance and differential privacy as a major area and consider them only as a part of privacy preservation schemes. On the basis of our work, we identified further research areas that can be explored

A Review of IoT Security and Privacy Using Decentralized Blockchain Techniques

IoT security is one of the prominent issues that has gained significant attention among the researchers in recent times. The recent advancements in IoT introduces various critical security issues and increases the risk of privacy leakage of IoT data. Implementation of Blockchain can be a potential solution for the security issues in IoT. This review deeply investigates the security threats and issues in IoT which deteriorates the effectiveness of IoT systems. This paper presents a perceptible description of the security threats, Blockchain based solutions, security characteristics and challenges introduced during the integration of Blockchain with IoT. An analysis of different consensus protocols, existing security techniques and evaluation parameters are discussed in brief. In addition, the paper also outlines the open issues and highlights possible research opportunities which can be beneficial for future research

A metaobject architecture for fault-tolerant distributed systems : the FRIENDS approach

The FRIENDS system developed at LAAS-CNRS is a metalevel architecture providing libraries of metaobjects for fault tolerance, secure communication, and group-based distributed applications. The use of metaobjects provides a nice separation of concerns between mechanisms and applications. Metaobjects can be used transparently by applications and can be composed according to the needs of a given application, a given architecture, and its underlying properties. In FRIENDS, metaobjects are used recursively to add new properties to applications. They are designed using an object oriented design method and implemented on top of basic system services. This paper describes the FRIENDS software-based architecture, the object-oriented development of metaobjects, the experiments that we have done, and summarizes the advantages and drawbacks of a metaobject approach for building fault-tolerant system

Security Framework for Decentralized Shared Calendars

International audienceWe propose a security framework for Decentralized Shared Calendar. The proposed security framework provides confidentiality to replicated shared calendar events and secures the commu- nication between users. It is designed in such a way that DeSCal preserves all of its characteristic features like fault-tolerance, crash recovery, availability and dynamic access control. It has been implemented on iPhone OS.Nous proposons un protocole de sécurité pour des agendas partagés dont la gestion de données est complètement décentralisée. Dans ce protocole, nous assurons à la fois (i) la confidentialité du contenu répliqué et (ii) la sécurité de communication entre les utilisateurs. Comme nous utilisons une réplication complête de données, notre protocole préserve toutes les caractéristiques d'une telle réplication, à savoir : la tolérance aux pannes et la reprise après panne. Pour valider notre solution, nous avons implémenté un prototype sur des mobiles tournant sous le système iPhone OS

Development of a Security Methodology for Cooperative Information Systems: The CooPSIS Project

Since networks and computing systems are vital components of today\u27s life, it is of utmost importance to endow them with the capability to survive physical and logical faults, as well as malicious or deliberate attacks. When the information system is obtained by federating pre-existing local systems, a methodology is needed to integrate security policies and mechanisms under a uniform structure. Therefore, in building distributed information systems, a methodology for analysis, design and implementation of security requirements of data and processes is essential for obtaining mutual trust between cooperating organizations. Moreover, when the information system is built as a cooperative set of e-services, security is related to the type of data, to the sensitivity context of the cooperative processes and to the security characteristics of the communication paradigms. The CoopSIS (Cooperative Secure Information Systems) project aims to develop methods and tools for the analysis, design, implementation and evaluation of secure and survivable distributed information systems of cooperative type, in particular with experimentation in the Public Administration Domain. This paper presents the basic issues of a methodology being conceived to build a trusted cooperative environment, where data sensitivity parameters and security requirements of processes are taken into account. The milestones phases of the security development methodology in the context of this project are illustrated

From Hype to Reality: A Taxonomy of Blockchain Applications

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that challenges existing business models and theories by shifting the trust from institutions towards algorithms. However, the number of successfully developed blockchain-based systems remains low. This points towards a research gap between blockchain applications and technical blockchain characteristics. We answer the research question: What application areas fit blockchains with what technical characteristics? We develop a taxonomy, which comprises six blockchain application areas that are classified across eight technical dimensions. We demonstrate the utility of the taxonomy on ninety-nine blockchain-based systems. We contribute to the scientific literature by delimiting blockchain application areas, identifying new technical dimensions, and linking application and technical knowledge on blockchain to guide development of blockchain-based systems. For practitioners, we present an overview of current blockchain-based systems