The technology of Incremental Sheet Forming - a brief review of the history

This paper describes the history of Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) focusing on technological developments. These developments are in general protected by patents, so the paper can also be regarded as an overview of ISF patents in addition to a description of the early history. That history starts with the early work by Mason in 1978 and continues up to the present day. An extensive list of patents including Japanese patents is provided.\ud \ud The overall conclusion is that ISF has received the attention of the world, in particular of the automotive industry, and that most proposed or suspected applications focus on the flexibility offered by the process. Only one patent has been found that is explicitly related to the enhancement of formability. Furthermore, most patents refer to TPIF (Two-Point Incremental Forming) as a process.\ud \ud Besides simply presenting a historical overview the paper can act as an inspiration for the researcher, and present a rough idea of the patentability of new developments

Production and Characterisation of SLID Interconnected n-in-p Pixel Modules with 75 Micrometer Thin Silicon Sensors

The performance of pixel modules built from 75 micrometer thin silicon sensors and ATLAS read-out chips employing the Solid Liquid InterDiffusion (SLID) interconnection technology is presented. This technology, developed by the Fraunhofer EMFT, is a possible alternative to the standard bump-bonding. It allows for stacking of different interconnected chip and sensor layers without destroying the already formed bonds. In combination with Inter-Chip-Vias (ICVs) this paves the way for vertical integration. Both technologies are combined in a pixel module concept which is the basis for the modules discussed in this paper. Mechanical and electrical parameters of pixel modules employing both SLID interconnections and sensors of 75 micrometer thickness are covered. The mechanical features discussed include the interconnection efficiency, alignment precision and mechanical strength. The electrical properties comprise the leakage currents, tuning characteristics, charge collection, cluster sizes and hit efficiencies. Targeting at a usage at the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC accelerator called HL-LHC, the results were obtained before and after irradiation up to fluences of $10^{16}$ $\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{eq}}/\mathrm{cm}^2$ (1 MeV neutrons).Comment: 16 pages, 22 figure

Onward: How a Regional Temperance Magazine for Children Survived and Flourished in the Victorian Marketplace

This paper explores the purpose, use and content of nineteenth-century children’s temperance magazines by a case study of Onward (1869-1910, monthly), examining significant changes over a key forty-year period. Technological developments and the influence of competing publications led the magazine to transform its content, typography, format and size, decade by decade. What began as a regional title reached a national circulation of 250,000, and the changes implemented reveal its twin priorities of integration of readers into the Temperance movement, and the creation of a competitive "brand" of juvenile magazine

Language comprehension and production

In this chapter, we survey the processes of recognizing and producing words and of understanding and creating sentences. Theory and research on these topics have been shaped by debates about how various sources of information are integrated in these processes, and about the role of language structure, as analyzed in the discipline of linguistics. In this chapter, we describe current views of fluent language users' comprehension of spoken and written language and their production of spoken language. We review what we consider to be the most important findings and theories in psycholinguistics, returning again and again to the questions of modularity and the importance of linguistic knowledge. Although we acknowledge the importance of social factors in language use, our focus is on core processes such as parsing and word retrieval that are not necessarily affected by such factors. We do not have space to say much about the important fields of developmental psycholinguistics, which deals with the acquisition of language by children, or applied psycholinguistics, which encompasses such topics as language disorders and language teaching. Although we recognize that there is burgeoning interest in the measurement of brain activity during language processing and how language is represented in the brain, space permits only occasional pointers to work in neuropsychology and the cognitive neuroscience of language. For treatment of these topics, and others, the interested reader could begin with two recent handbooks of psycholinguistics (Gaskell, 2007; Traxler & Gemsbacher, 2006) and a handbook of cognitive neuroscience (Gazzaniga, 2004)

Victorians Thinking Globally: Identity and Empire in Middle-Class Reading

This dissertation argues that popular literature defined how English readers should reconcile a class-based experience of empire with the broadest categories of national identity meant to unify the subjects of the British Empire. Serial genres---periodicals and novels published in numbers---examined new patterns of travel, new approaches to social problems, and the new opportunities empire created for members of the middle class. Spanning the period from roughly 1840 to 1870, each chapter examines a narrative trope used to engage Victorian readers with the concerns of empire, and thus give them an opportunity to imagine the greater world they were given access to by virtue of being part of the most powerful empire on earth. The tropes featured here sometimes overlap, or contradict one another; they change or reassert themselves over time; they remain fluid without seeming to be. Chapters on the serialized fiction of Charles Dickens and Elizabeth Gaskell, the visual work of Thomas Hood and William Thackeray, and periodicals like All the Year Round and the Japan Punch, demonstrate the extent to which literature for middle-class entertainment became a catalyst for different conceptions of Englishness, and challenge the notion that Empire was defined through one overarching identity category. Despite the insistence found in middle-class reading about the stability of the English character, in practice to be a subject of the British Empire meant one had opportunities to think, and re-think what class-based opportunities existed for them on a global scale

Drawing on the Victorians

Late 19th-century Britain experienced an explosion of visual print culture and a simultaneous rise in literacy across social classes. New printing technologies facilitated quick and cheap dissemination of images—illustrated books, periodicals, cartoons, comics, and ephemera—to a mass readership. This Victorian visual turn prefigured the present-day impact of the Internet on how images are produced and shared, both driving and reflecting the visual culture of its time. From this starting point, Drawing on the Victorians explores the relationship between Victorian graphic texts and today’s steampunk, manga, and other neo-Victorian genres that emulate and reinterpret their predecessors. Neo-Victorianism is a flourishing worldwide phenomenon, but one whose relationship with the texts from which it takes its inspiration remains underexplored

Thackeray and Bohemia

Whether as a counter-cultural phenomenon or a sociological myth, Bohemia has long eluded concrete definitions. In the last thirty years, however, there has been a noticeable contrast between the ambitious theoretical concerns of cultural historians of nineteenthcentury Continental Bohemianism and the more staunchly biographical approaches of critics concerned with Bohemian writers in mid-Victorian England. In the absence of the Latin Quarter, attempts to define the English Bohemianism of Thackeray‘s era have been somewhat reductive, revolving around London establishments such as the Garrick Club and disparate groupings such as the metropolitan novelists, journalists, and playwrights who are sometimes pigeonholed as 'Dickens‘s Young Men'. This thesis uses the work of William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–63) to argue that such readings have lost sight of the profound impact which mid-Victorian ideas of Bohemianism had on a far wider section of middle-class Englishmen. Chapter 1 explores the pivotal role which Thackeray played in the translation of Bohemian behavioural ideals from France to England. Beginning and ending with his seminal Bohemian protagonist in $\textit{Vanity Fair}$ (1847–48), it surveys his engagement with the still-evolving ideas of Bohemianism at home and on the Continent. The chapter interrogates the relationship between the anglicized brand of homosociality which characterizes Thackeray‘s later fiction and the often contradictory images of Bohemianism which were circulating in 1830s and 40s Paris while he was an art student and then a foreign correspondent in the city. In the process, it considers the significant influence which these factors have exerted over later conceptions of Thackeray‘s biography and personality. As a whole, the chapter argues that his increasing focus on more anglicized spheres of masculine interaction in the late 1840s contributed to the emergence of a de-radicalized brand of middle-class English Bohemia. The second chapter considers the parallels between the impact of Thackeray‘s work and the contemporaneous writings of the famous chronicler of Parisian Bohemianism, Henry Murger (1822–61). Through analysis of cultural reception and literary form, this chapter investigates the way in which these writers have been both criticized and revered for perpetuating particularly inclusive myths of Bohemianism. It then explores the way in which Thackeray‘s $\textit{Bildungsroman, The History of Pendennis}$ (1848–50), helped to shape other myths of collective homosocial unconventionality — in particular, those which came to surround Fleet Street journalism. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters, surveying the way in which ideas of Bohemianism developed post-$\textit{Pendennis}$ in the course of the 1850s and 60s. They demonstrate that the myths of 'fast' Bohemian life which came to be associated with particular journalists, playwrights, and performers, were as much the product of critical attacks as any form of Bohemian self-representation. Exploring the work of 'Bohemian‘ writers such as George Augustus Sala (1828–95) and Edmund Yates (1831–94), as well as the dynamics of London‘s eclectic club scene, these chapters conclude that ideas of a 'fast‘ disreputable Bohemianism always coexisted with more widely accepted and understated Bohemian ideals which thrived on remaining undefined

Drawing on the Victorians: The Palimpsest of Victorian and Neo-Victorian Graphic Texts

Late nineteenth-century Britain experienced an unprecedented explosion of visual print culture and a simultaneous rise in literacy across social classes. New printing technologies facilitated quick and cheap dissemination of images—illustrated books, periodicals, cartoons, comics, and ephemera—to a mass readership. This Victorian visual turn prefigured the present-day impact of the Internet on how images are produced and shared, both driving and reflecting the visual culture of its time. From this starting point, Drawing on the Victorians sets out to explore the relationship between Victorian graphic texts and today’s steampunk, manga, and other neo-Victorian genres that emulate and reinterpret their predecessors. Neo-Victorianism is a flourishing worldwide phenomenon, but one whose relationship with the texts from which it takes its inspiration remains underexplored. In this collection, scholars from literary studies, cultural studies, and art history consider contemporary works—Alan Moore’s League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Moto Naoko’s Lady Victorian, and Edward Gorey’s Gashlycrumb Tinies, among others—alongside their antecedents, from Punch’s 1897 Jubilee issue to Alice in Wonderland and more. They build on previous work on neo-Victorianism to affirm that the past not only influences but converses with the present. Contributors: Christine Ferguson, Kate Flint, Anna Maria Jones, Linda K. Hughes, Heidi Kaufman, Brian Maidment, Rebecca N. Mitchell, Jennifer Phegley, Monika Pietrzak-Franger, Peter W. Sinnema, Jessica Straleyhttps://ohioopen.library.ohio.edu/oupress/1011/thumbnail.jp

Skirting the Law: Sensationalism and Spectacle of British Murderesses from the 1830s to the 1860s

“Skirting the Law: Sensationalism and Spectacle of British Murderesses from the 1830s to the 1860s” concentrates on women who committed the crime of murder during a time where print culture rose in popularity, gendered spheres of influence dictated lives, and class consciousness governed society. Due to their rarity and uniqueness, murderesses became a fascination among the public as they defined societal expectations. While some women inspired sympathy for their plight that led to their actions, others were viewed as wicked and abominations of nature. When observing how infrequently women were convicted in comparison to men, the thesis argues that their gender and perception aided women in escaping guilty verdicts. Previous scholars have only examined the topic from a literary or historical perspective, but this analysis forms a bridge between the two while focusing primarily on women. The main point of the argument is not to answer the question why women killed, instead, to understand why female murderers were portrayed to the public in a particular light. By examining court records, newspapers, broadsides, and literary works, “Skirting the Law” argues that women who committed murder faced two trials: one of conviction and more importantly one in the court of public opinion waged in the press and literature. Emphasizing ideals of femininity and desperation were essential for murderesses and those who portrayed them in popular culture to appeal for sympathy. Establishing sympathy allowed for women to receive fewer convictions and lesser punishments while calling on the public to question the moral nature of their Victorian views through the context of murder