60,491 research outputs found
Decomposing the site frequency spectrum: the impact of tree topology on neutrality tests
We investigate the dependence of the site frequency spectrum (SFS) on the
topological structure of genealogical trees. We show that basic population
genetic statistics - for instance estimators of or neutrality tests
such as Tajima's - can be decomposed into components of waiting times
between coalescent events and of tree topology. Our results clarify the
relative impact of the two components on these statistics. We provide a
rigorous interpretation of positive or negative values of an important class of
neutrality tests in terms of the underlying tree shape. In particular, we show
that values of Tajima's and Fay and Wu's depend in a direct way on a
peculiar measure of tree balance which is mostly determined by the root balance
of the tree. We present a new test for selection in the same class as Fay and
Wu's and discuss its interpretation and power. Finally, we determine the
trees corresponding to extreme expected values of these neutrality tests and
present formulae for these extreme values as a function of sample size and
number of segregating sites.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figure
The Court, FCC and Internet Policy: Partly with
The paper aims to explore the contour of internet regulation with a thread of
Brand X , which navigates through constitutionalism, separation of powers, as
well as business and economic or political implications enshrined behind it.
An exemplary insight with the Korean case was adverted that could lead to the
comparative perspective of internet law and regulation for the future research.
The research was conducted by employing qualitative investigation, mainly
relying on textual analysis and documentary examination. The outcome of
research generally corroborates with our assumption that i) the increasing
administrative state will variegate the traditional interplay of three branches,
ii) expert bureaucracy stands at the core of policy shaping because of the necessary
new concept of market and policy specialization, iii) the role of US
government is not only pioneering, but also influential as a regulator, but
comparatively with differing national jurisdictions if not a negligible implications
on the international competition or even conflict
The Narrow Conception of Computational Psychology
One particularly successful approach to modeling within cognitive science is computational psychology. Computational psychology explores psychological processes by building and testing computational models with human data. In this paper, it is argued that a specific approach to understanding computation, what is called the ‘narrow conception’, has problematically limited the kinds of models, theories, and explanations that are offered within computational psychology. After raising two problems for the narrow conception, an alternative, ‘wide approach’ to computational psychology is proposed
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