Fog Computing Based Radio Access Networks: Issues and Challenges

The fog computing based radio access networks work at the same time as capable worldview commencing to 5G remote transmitting framework give elevated unearthly along with vitality effectiveness. In center thought obtain complete points to interest of neighborhood radio flag preparing, consistent on radio asset administration and disseminated putting away abilities in edge gadgets, which can diminish the substantial weight on front haul. In light of fog computing, the cooperation radio flag handling (CRSP) cannot exclusively accomplish during the unified baseband unit into cloud radio access networks. Unfasten concern into the condition of software defined networking, network function virtualization and edge caching recognized. This paper attempts to minimize the security issues in the performance of edge cashing by using Markov chain model. Simulation results are able to reduce the bandwidth consumption of F_RAN through edge caching in between remote radio heads and user equipments

Data Processing for IoT in Oil and Gas Refineries

This paper summarizes and gives examples of the using of IoT in Industry 4.0, especially in Oil and Gas Refineries. Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies are driving digitalization driven by software and data solutions in many areas, particularly in industrial automation and manufacturing systems. Global refineries are currently all heavily instrumented, and process regulated in real-time to the millisecond. To meet the ever-increasing needs of operational demands, SCADA, Distributed Control Systems and Programmable Logic Controllers (DCS & PLCs) have grown significantly. On the other hand, certain assets and operations in a refinery are still not being monitored or evaluated in real-time. If an error occurs that causes production to be hampered, the company must bear large losses even though production stops in just a matter of minutes. This is one of the reasons why the oil and gas sector is starting to implement the Internet of Things (IoT). The overall aim of this paper is to give and summarize several papers to provide solutions for a simple process monitoring system that would enable process operators to identify any sources of abnormality quickly and easily in the process. A system is being made so that it can be accessed and transmit data remotely via a computer network and will display conditions in real-time without being limited by distance, space, and time. This will allow all previously disconnected assets and processes to be linked and monitored in real-time in a simpler, cost-effective, and easy-to-implement manner

City of things : enabling resource provisioning in smart cities

In the last few years, traffic over wireless networks has been increasing exponentially due to the impact of IoT. IoT is transforming a wide range of services in different domains of urban life, such as environmental monitoring, home automation, and public transportation. The so-called smart city applications will introduce a set of stringent requirements, such as low latency and high mobility, since services must be allocated and instantiated on demand, simultaneously, close to multiple devices at different locations. Efficient resource provisioning functionalities are needed to address these demanding constraints introduced by smart city applications while minimizing resource costs and maximizing QoS. In this article, the CoT framework is presented, which provides not only data collection and analysis functionalities but also automated resource provisioning mechanisms for future smart city applications. CoT is deployed as a smart city test-bed in Antwerp, Belgium, which allows researchers and developers to easily set up and validate IoT experiments. A smart city use case of air quality monitoring through the deployment of air quality sensors in moving cars is presented showing the full applicability of the CoT framework for a flexible and scalable resource provisioning in the smart city ecosystem

Fast Resource Allocation for Resilient Service Coordination in an NFV-Enabled Internet-of-Things System

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a new way of leveraging an Internet-of-Things (IoT) system to provide real-time and highly flexible service creation. In an NFV-enabled Internet-of-Things (NIoT) system, several IoT functions implemented as Virtual Network Functions can be linked as a service function chain to build a customized IoT service quickly. It is important for an IoT service to be able to recover from a failure. However, the supply of a resilient IoT service in an NIoT system is challenging due to the coordination of distributed VNF instances. In this paper, we formulate the problem of resilient service coordination in an NIoT system as a mixed-integer linear programming model, namely RSO\textsubscript{d}. The model offers the optimal resource allocation for minimizing service disruption when a failure happens at a node of an NIoT system. We also develop two modified versions of RSO\textsubscript{d} for different use cases required by an IoT provider. Further, two approximation algorithms are proposed to provide a resilient service for a large-scale NIoT system. The evaluation results show that RSO\textsubscript{d} and its modified versions produce the optimal resource allocation in significantly reduced time compared to previous work. The results suggest that an IoT provider should carefully select an appropriate resource allocation strategy as it has to pay a resource cost to minimize the service disruption. The results also show that our proposed priority-based heuristic algorithm outperforms an approximation algorithm based on Simulated Annealing in terms of the service disruption and computation time

Emergent situations for smart cities: A survey

A smart city is a community that uses communication and information technology to improve sustainability, livability, and feasibility. As any community, there are always unexpected emergencies, which must be treated to preserve the regular order. However, a smart system is needed to be able to respond effectively to these emergent situations. The contribution made in this survey is twofold. Firstly, it provides a comprehensive exhaustive and categorized overview of the existing surveys for smart cities.  The categorization is based on several criteria such as structures, benefits, advantages, applications, challenges, issues, and future directions. Secondly, it aims to analyze several studies with respect to emergent situations and management to smart cities. The analysis is based on several factors such as the challenges and issues discussed, the solutions proposed, and opportunities for future research. The challenges include security, privacy, reliability, performance, scalability, heterogeneity, scheduling, resource management, and latency. Few studies have investigated the emergent situations of smart cities and despite the importance of latency factor for smart city applications, it is rarely discussed

Fog computing : enabling the management and orchestration of smart city applications in 5G networks

Fog computing extends the cloud computing paradigm by placing resources close to the edges of the network to deal with the upcoming growth of connected devices. Smart city applications, such as health monitoring and predictive maintenance, will introduce a new set of stringent requirements, such as low latency, since resources can be requested on-demand simultaneously by multiple devices at different locations. It is then necessary to adapt existing network technologies to future needs and design new architectural concepts to help meet these strict requirements. This article proposes a fog computing framework enabling autonomous management and orchestration functionalities in 5G-enabled smart cities. Our approach follows the guidelines of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) NFV MANO architecture extending it with additional software components. The contribution of our work is its fully-integrated fog node management system alongside the foreseen application layer Peer-to-Peer (P2P) fog protocol based on the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol for the exchange of application service provisioning information between fog nodes. Evaluations of an anomaly detection use case based on an air monitoring application are presented. Our results show that the proposed framework achieves a substantial reduction in network bandwidth usage and in latency when compared to centralized cloud solutions

Smart city and resilient city: Differences and connections

Smart city (SC) and resilient city (RC) have been studied and practiced over the years in terms of the increasing urban problems and disasters. However, there is a large overlap between their meanings and relationships. With an increasing concern for both SC and RC in urban development and hazard mitigation, a review was conducted to explore the differences and connections between SC and RC with scientometric analysis. There are far more literatures about SC than RC, and very few papers discuss SC and RC together. The research trend, category, and hotspots from research clusters are illustrated and compared. Major differences are discussed from their objectives, driving force, current research focus, and criticism. The literatures both related to SC and RC are used to explore their connections, which are very limited. The results revealed that the RC's impact on SC are positive from physical, social, and environmental aspects, while SC's impacts on RC could be both positive and negative from the above three aspects. It is indicated that SC and RC are both important for urban planning and can be complementary to each other through proper design and governance, which implies the need for building a resilient smart city (RSC). This article is categorized under: Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering Technologies > Visualization

Navigating the IoT landscape: Unraveling forensics, security issues, applications, research challenges, and future

Given the exponential expansion of the internet, the possibilities of security attacks and cybercrimes have increased accordingly. However, poorly implemented security mechanisms in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices make them susceptible to cyberattacks, which can directly affect users. IoT forensics is thus needed for investigating and mitigating such attacks. While many works have examined IoT applications and challenges, only a few have focused on both the forensic and security issues in IoT. Therefore, this paper reviews forensic and security issues associated with IoT in different fields. Future prospects and challenges in IoT research and development are also highlighted. As demonstrated in the literature, most IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks due to a lack of standardized security measures. Unauthorized users could get access, compromise data, and even benefit from control of critical infrastructure. To fulfil the security-conscious needs of consumers, IoT can be used to develop a smart home system by designing a FLIP-based system that is highly scalable and adaptable. Utilizing a blockchain-based authentication mechanism with a multi-chain structure can provide additional security protection between different trust domains. Deep learning can be utilized to develop a network forensics framework with a high-performing system for detecting and tracking cyberattack incidents. Moreover, researchers should consider limiting the amount of data created and delivered when using big data to develop IoT-based smart systems. The findings of this review will stimulate academics to seek potential solutions for the identified issues, thereby advancing the IoT field.Comment: 77 pages, 5 figures, 5 table