Remote Sensing for Land Administration 2.0

The reprint “Land Administration 2.0” is an extension of the previous reprint “Remote Sensing for Land Administration”, another Special Issue in Remote Sensing. This reprint unpacks the responsible use and integration of emerging remote sensing techniques into the domain of land administration, including land registration, cadastre, land use planning, land valuation, land taxation, and land development. The title was chosen as “Land Administration 2.0” in reference to both this Special Issue being the second volume on the topic “Land Administration” and the next-generation requirements of land administration including demands for 3D, indoor, underground, real-time, high-accuracy, lower-cost, and interoperable land data and information

A spatial analysis of the smallpox epidemic in Sheffield, United Kingdom, 1887-1888

One of today\u27s most fecund fields of research in medical geography involves using historical datasets from past epidemics and contemporary cadastre maps to plot the course of the contagion. The purpose is to study the spatial patterns of diseases that are rare or extinct today but still have large research value. The best example of this problem is smallpox. This project involves taking one of the most complete records of a smallpox epidemic, plotting the cases in a geographic information system (GIS), and exploring the spatial patterns using statistical software. As one of the most contagious and damaging diseases to infect humans, the World Health Organization mission to remove smallpox from the human world officially concluded in 1979 (Tucker 2001; Henderson 1978). However, with the advent of bioengineering and the more recent growth in bioterrorism-related research it has become vital for researchers to examine the behavior of smallpox in various human environments (Tucker 2001). Researchers have begun to mine antique records for well-documented epidemics (Mortimer 2003; Mortimer and McVail 2002; Williams 1994; Angulo, et al. 1980a, 1980b; Morrill and Angulo 1981, 1979; Thomas 1974). The historical record for this project is the report of a medical officer assigned by the British government to investigate and control an outbreak of smallpox in Sheffield, United Kingdom. This outbreak, which began in August 1887, expanded into an epidemic, killing 598 people. Dr. Frederick Barry, the medical officer, recorded the demographic information for all the victims. This data set, combined with Charles Goad Fire Insurance maps, was used to create a GIS and complete spatial analyses of the epidemic

전근대 토지대장과 지적도의 대화형 분석을 위한 시각화 설계

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2016. 2. 서진욱.We propose an interactive visualization design tool, called JigsawMap, for analyzing and mapping historical textual cadasters. A cadaster is an official register that records land properties (e.g., location, ownership, value and size) for land valuation and taxation. Such mapping of old and new cadasters can help historians understand the social and economic background of changes in land uses or ownership. JigsawMap can effectively connect the past land survey results to modern cadastral maps. In order to accomplish the connection process, three steps are performed: (1) segmentation of cadastral map, (2) visualization of textual cadastre, (3) and mapping interaction. We conducted usability studies and long term case studies to evaluate JigsawMap, and received positive responses. We summarize the evaluation results and present design guidelines for participatory design projects with historians. Followed by our study on JigsawMap, we further investigated on each components of our tool for more scalable map connection. First, we designed a hybrid algorithm to semi-automatically segment land pieces on cadastral map. The original JigsawMap provides interface for user to segment land pieces and the experiment result shows that segmentation algorithm accurately extracts the regions. Next, we reconsidered the visual encoding and simplified it to make textual cadastre more scalable. Since the former visual encoding relies on traditional map legend, the visual encoding can be selected based on user expert level. Finally, we redesigned layout algorithm to generate a better initial layout. We used evolution algorithm to articulate ambiguity problem of textual cadastre and the result less suffered from overlapping problem. Overall, our visualization design tool will provide an accurate segmentation result, give the user an option to select visual encoding that suits on their expert level, and generate more readable initial layout which gives an overview of cadastre layout.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background & Motivation 1 1.2 Main Contribution 7 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 8 Chapter 2 Related Work 11 2.1 Map Data Visualization 11 2.2 Graph Layout Algorithms 13 2.3 Collaborative Map Editing Service 14 2.4 Map Image Segmentation 15 2.5 Premodern Cadastral Maps 17 2.6 Assessing Measures for Cartogram 18 Chapter 3 Visualizing and Mapping Premodern Textual Cadasters to Cadastral Maps 20 3.1 Textual Cadastre 21 3.2 Cadastral Maps 24 3.3 Paper-based Mapping Process and Obstacles 24 3.4 Task Flow in JigsawMap 26 3.5 Design Rationale 32 3.6 Evaluation 34 3.7 Discussion 40 3.8 Design Guidelines When Working with Historians 42 Chapter 4 Accurate Segmentation of Land Regions in Historical Cadastral Maps 44 4.1 Segmentation Pipeline 45 4.2 Preprocessing 46 4.3 Removal of Grid Line 48 4.4 Removal of Characters 52 4.5 Reconstruction of Land Boundaries 53 4.6 Generation of Polygons 55 4.7 Experimental Result 56 4.8 Discussion 59 Chapter 5 Approximating Rectangular Cartogram from Premodern Textual Cadastre 62 5.1 Challenges of the Textual Cadastre Layout 62 5.2 Quality Measures for Assessing Rectangular Cartogram 64 5.3 Quality Measures for Assessing Textual Cadastre 65 5.4 Graph Layout Algorithm 66 5.5 Results 72 5.6 Discussion 73 Chapter 6 Design of Scalable Node Representation for a Large Textual Cadastre 78 6.1 Motivation 78 6.2 Visual Encoding in JigsawMa 80 6.3 Challenges of Current Visual Encoding 81 6.4 Compact Visual Encoding 83 6.5 Results 84 6.6 Discussion 86 Chapter 7 Conclusion 88 Bibliography 90 Abstract in Korean 101Docto

3D visualization of cadastre : assessing the suitability of visual variables and enhancement techniques in the 3D model of condominium property units

La visualisation 3D de données cadastrales a été exploitée dans de nombreuses études, car elle offre de nouvelles possibilités d’examiner des situations de supervision verticale des propriétés. Les chercheurs actifs dans ce domaine estiment que la visualisation 3D pourrait fournir aux utilisateurs une compréhension plus intuitive d’une situation où des propriétés se superposent, ainsi qu’une plus grande capacité et avec moins d’ambiguïté de montrer des problèmes potentiels de chevauchement des unités de propriété. Cependant, la visualisation 3D est une approche qui apporte de nombreux défis par rapport à la visualisation 2D. Les précédentes recherches effectuées en cadastre 3D, et qui utilisent la visualisation 3D, ont très peu enquêté l’impact du choix des variables visuelles (ex. couleur, style) sur la prise de décision. Dans l’optique d'améliorer la visualisation 3D de données cadastres, cette thèse de doctorat examine l’adéquation du choix des variables visuelles et des techniques de rehaussement associées afin de produire un modèle de condominium 3D optimal, et ce, en fonction de certaines tâches spécifiques de visualisation. Les tâches visées sont celles dédiées à la compréhension dans l’espace 3D des limites de propriété du condominium. En ce sens, ce sont principalement des tâches notariales qui ont été ciblées. De plus, cette thèse va mettre en lumière les différences de l’impact des variables visuelles entre une visualisation 2D et 3D. Cette thèse identifie dans un premier temps un cadre théorique pour l'interprétation des variables visuelles dans le contexte d’une visualisation 3D et de données cadastrales au regard d’une revue de littéraire. Dans un deuxième temps, des expérimentations ont été réalisées afin de mettre à l’épreuve la performance des variables visuelles (ex. couleur, valeur, texture) et des techniques de rehaussement (transparence, annotation, déplacement). Trois approches distinctes ont été utilisées : 1) discussion directe avec des personnes œuvrant en géomatique, 2) entrevue face à face avec des notaires et 3) questionnaire en ligne avec des groupes ciblés. L’utilisabilité mesurée en termes d’efficacité, d’efficience et de degré de satisfaction a servi aux comparaisons des expérimentations. Les principaux résultats de cette recherche sont : 1) Une liste de tâches visuelles notariales utiles à la délimitation des unités de propriété dans le contexte de la visualisation 3D de condominium ; 2) Des recommandations quant à l'adéquation de huit variables visuelles et de trois techniques de rehaussement afin d’optimiser la réalisation d’un certain nombre de tâches notariales ; 3) Une analyse comparative de la performance de ces variables entre une visualisation 2D et 3D.3D visualization is being widely used in GIS (geographic information system) and CAD (computer-aided design) applications. It has also been introduced in cadastre studies to better communicate overlaps to the viewer, where the property units vertically stretch over or cover one part of the land parcel. Researchers believe that 3D visualization could provide viewers with a more intuitive perception, and it has the capability to demonstrate overlapping property units in condominiums unambiguously. However, 3D visualization has many challenges compared with 2D visualization. Many cadastre researchers adopted 3D visualization without thoroughly investigating the potential users, the visual tasks for decision-making, and the appropriateness of their representation design. Neither designers nor users may be aware of the risk of producing an inadequate 3D visualization, especially in an era when 3D visualization is relatively novel in the cadastre domain. With a general aim to improve the 3D visualization of cadastre data, this dissertation addresses the design of the 3D cadastre model from a graphics semiotics viewpoint including visual variables and enhancement techniques. The research questions are, firstly, what is the suitability of the visual variables and enhancement techniques in the 3D cadastre model to support the intended users' decision-making goal of delimitating condominium property units, and secondly, what are the perceptual properties of visual variables in 3D visualization compared with 2D visualization? This dissertation firstly identifies the theoretical framework for the interpretation of visual variables in 3D visualization as well as cadastre-related knowledge with literature review. Then, we carry out a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of visual variables and enhancement techniques in a form of an expert-group review. With the result of the preliminary evaluation, this research then performs the hypothetico-deductive scientific approach to establishing a list of hypotheses to be validated by empirical tests regarding the suitability of visual variables and enhancement techniques in a cartographic representation of property units in condominiums for 3D visualization. The evaluation is based on the usability specification, which contains three measurements: effectiveness, efficiency, and preference. Several empirical tests are conducted with cadastral users in the forms of face-to-face interviews and online questionnaires, followed by statistical analysis. Size, shape, brightness, saturation, hue, orientation, texture, and transparency are the most discussed and used visual variables in existing cartographic research and implementations; thus, these eight visual variables have been involved in the tests. Their perceptual properties exhibited in the empirical test with concrete 3D models in this work are compared with those in a 2D visualization, which is derived from a literature-based synthesis. Three enhancement techniques, including labeling, 3D explosion, and highlighting, are tested as well. There are three main outcomes of this work. First, we established a list of visual tasks adapted to notaries for delimiting property units in the context of 3D visualization of condominium cadastres. Second, we describe the suitability of eight visual variables (Size, Shape, Brightness, Saturation, Hue, Orientation, Texture, and Transparency) of the property units and three enhancement techniques (labeling, 3D explosion and highlighting) in the context of 3D visualisation of condominium property units, based on the usability specification for delimitating visual tasks. For example, brightness only shows good performance in helping users distinguish private and common parts in the context of 3D visualization of property units in condominiums. As well, color hue and saturation are effective and preferable. The third outcome is a statement of the perceptual properties’ differences of visual variables between 3D visualization and 2D visualization. For example, according to Bertin (1983)’s definition, orientation is associative and selective in 2D, yet it does not perform in a 3D visualization. In addition, 3D visualization affects the performance of brightness, making it marginally dissociative and selective

Semi-Supervised Fine-Tuning for Deep Learning Models in Remote Sensing Applications

A combinatory approach of two well-known fields: deep learning and semi supervised learning is presented, to tackle the land cover identification problem. The proposed methodology demonstrates the impact on the performance of deep learning models, when SSL approaches are used as performance functions during training. Obtained results, at pixel level segmentation tasks over orthoimages, suggest that SSL enhanced loss functions can be beneficial in models' performance

Geographic Information Science (GIScience) and Geospatial Approaches for the Analysis of Historical Visual Sources and Cartographic Material

This book focuses on the use of GIScience in conjunction with historical visual sources to resolve past scenarios. The themes, knowledge gained and methodologies conducted might be of interest to a variety of scholars from the social science and humanities disciplines