Diversity and abundance of bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the campus 4 of Ahmad Dahlan University

Land conversion around campus 4 of Ahmad Dahlan University Yogyakarta affects the diversity and abundance of pollinating insects, one of which is bees. The purpose of this study was to calculate the level of diversity and abundance of bees on campus 4 UAD and its surroundings. The sampling area consisted of 4 plots, with each plot measuring 1750 m2( 35 m x 50 m) determined using the observation method. Sampling was carried out three times, which was carried out in the morning at 07.00 – 11.00 and continued in the afternoon at 15.00 – 17.00. Bees were identified by comparing their morphological characters with identification reference books and journals. The Spearman correlation test then analyzed the bee abundance data and abiotic factors. The results showed that the level of bee diversity on campus 4 UAD and its surroundings was moderate (1 H' 3). The most abundant bee species was Xylocopa aestuan, with 118 individuals, and the least abundant was Apis mellifera, with 7 individuals. The conclusion of this study is the state of the ecosystem on campus 4 UAD and its surroundings, there is a disturbance in the form of land use change, but bees can still tolerate the disturbance

Recent developments on precision beekeeping: A systematic literature review

The aim of this systematic review was to point out the current state of precision beekeeping and to draw implications for future studies. Precision beekeeping is defined as an apiary management strategy based on monitoring individual bee colonies to minimize resource consumption and maximize bee productivity. This subject that has met with a growing interest from researchers in recent years because of its environmental implications. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was selected to conduct this review. The literature search was carried out in the Scopus database for articles published between 2015 and 2023, being a very recent issue. After two rounds screening and examination, 201 studies were considered to be analysed. They were classified based on the internal parameters of the hive, in turn divided by weight, internal temperature, relative humidity, flight activity, sounds and vibrations, gases, and external parameters, in turn divided by wind speed, rainfall and ambient temperature. The study also considered possible undesirable effects of the use of sensors on bees, economic aspects and applications of Geographic Information System technologies in beekeeping. Based on the review and analysis, some conclusions and further directions were put forward

BHiveSense: An integrated information system architecture for sustainable remote monitoring and management of apiaries based on IoT and microservices

Precision Beekeeping, a field of Precision Agriculture, is an apiary management strategy based on monitoring honeybee colonies to promote more sustainable resource usage and maximise productivity. The approach related to Precision Beekeeping is based on methodologies to mitigate the stress associated with human intervention in the colonies and the waste of resources. These goals are achieved by supporting the intervention and managing the beekeeper’s timely and appropriate action at the colony’s level. In recent years, the growth of IoT (Internetof-Things) in Precision Agriculture has spurred several proposals to contribute to the paradigm of Precision Beekeeping, built on different technical concepts and with different production costs. This work proposes and describes an information systems architecture concept named BHiveSense, based on IoT and microservices, and different artefacts to demonstrate its concept: (1) a low-cost COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) hive sensing prototype, (2) a REST backend API, (3) a Web application, and (4) a Mobile application. This project delivers a solution for a more integrated and sustainable beekeeping activity. Our approach stresses that by adopting microservices and a REST architecture, it is possible to deal with long-standing problems concerning interoperability, scalability, agility, and maintenance issues, delivering an efficient beehive monitoring system.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Remote assessment of Varroa presence in honey bee colonies using vibration measurements

Honey bee colony monitoring techniques that use hive-based sensors to continuously and remotely measure a range of parameters are increasingly being published. Non-invasive surveillance methods for the identification of Varroa destructor presence and infestation levels are, however, not as well-studied. Varroa mites adversely affect honey bees in several ways, and regular monitoring of their population is critical for successful control. The work carried out in this thesis explores the use of accelerometer sensors and vibration measurements as a non-invasive Varroa detection method. The capture of honey bee vibrations associated with infections of a bee virus (Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV)) is also investigated, as Varroa are known to vector approximately 20 honey bee diseases and their associated variants. The answers to three main questions are sought throughout this work: 1) can accelerometers be used to detect vibrations originating from Varroa?, 2) if so, can these vibrations be used as a remote mite monitoring tool?, and 3) do observable honey bee virus symptoms produce detectable vibrations? To conduct this investigation, accelerometers were attached to a variety of substrates and linked to a camera, for simultaneous video and vibration capture, allowing the characterisation of numerous Varroa and honey bee vibrations. The waveform data was transformed into spectrogram and two-dimensional-Fourier-transform (2DFT) images, which were used as a main analysis tool for vibrational feature identification. Principal component and discriminant function analyses were implemented for the purpose of discriminating between groups of vibrational signals and for automatic detection using machine learning within long-term recordings of freshly collected, capped brood-comb. This work demonstrates that accelerometers can detect vibrations generated by minute (1-2mm, 0.42mg) mite individuals, and in the process has enabled the discovery of a novel Varroa behaviour (jolting) that produces a unique vibrational trace. Pulses of interest were carefully characterised in terms of their visible features, periodicity, strength, and time duration. These were then used as search tools for mite detection purposes. The exciting discovery of the jolting behaviour strongly suggests that Varroa can transmit functional vibrations. Continuing to investigate and understand this phenomenon may lead, amongst other things, to novel methods of mite control in the future. These explorations showcase the potential for Varroa vibration capture in remote mite monitoring, laying the groundwork for future analysis. This thesis also demonstrates the many advantages of the lesser used 2DFT image in animal vibration research, promoting its use. In relation to question 3 and the capture of vibrations associated with viral symptoms, no specific vibrational features were identified that could be linked to honey bee trembling, an observable symptom of CBPV. Nevertheless, the results of this chapter (4) promoted the use of 2DFTs in honey bee vibrational monitoring and endorsed solutions for future improvement to this analysis. The 2DFT was also successfully implemented following the discovery of a novel honey bee vibration, here coined the 'purr' (chapter 5). This work encompasses the pursuit of knowledge in the recently evolved subject of biotremology, to compliment the growing field of remote honey bee colony monitoring, and particularly that of non-invasive Varroa detection. A better understanding of both honey bee and Varroa behaviours and biology has been established, promoting the importance of vibration research in these closely entwined species. The value and scope of accelerometer use has here been strengthened through the detection of Varroa vibrations, supporting its growing application in colony monitoring