11 research outputs found

    SALBPGen - A systematic data generator for (simple) assembly line balancing

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    Assembly line balancing is a well-known and extensively researched decision problem which arises when assembly line production systems are designed and operated. A large variety of real-world problem variations and elaborate solution methods were developed and presented in the academic literature in the past 60 years. Nevertheless, computational experiments examining and comparing the performance of solution procedures were mostly based on very limited data sets unsystematically collected from the literature and from some real-world cases. In particular, the precedence graphs used as the basis of former tests are limited in number and characteristics. As a consequence, former performance analyses suffer from a lack of systematics and statistical evidence. In this article, we propose SALPBGen, a new instance generator for the simple assembly line balancing problem (SALBP) which can be applied to any other assembly line balancing problem, too. It is able to systematically create instances with very diverse structures under full control of the experiment's designer. In particular, based on our analysis of real-world problems from automotive and related industries, typical substructures of the precedence graph like chains, bottlenecks and modules can be generated and combined as required based on a detailed analysis of graph structures and structure measures like the order strength. We also present a collection of new challenging benchmark data sets which are suited for comprehensive statistical tests in comparative studies of solution methods for SALBP and generalized problems as well. Researchers are invited to participate in a challenge to solve these new problem instances.manufacturing, benchmark data set, assembly line balancing, precedence graph, structure analysis, complexity measures

    An assessment of project complexity relyng on principal component analysis

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    L’évaluation de la complexitĂ© du projet est trĂšs important pour prĂ©dire le rĂ©sultat de planification d'un projet et / ou pour le bien contrĂŽler. L'Ă©valuation de cette complexitĂ© semble difficile, surtout avec la prĂ©sence de flexibilitĂ©s du temps de travail ainsi que la polyvalente des effectifs avec productivitĂ© hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne qui diffĂšre de compĂ©tence Ă  l’autre. Dans cet article, nous prĂ©sentons un ensemble de mesures diffĂ©rentes qui peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es pour quantifier les nombreuses caractĂ©ristiques d'un projet et les ressources demandĂ©s. Par consĂ©quent, les quantificateurs les plus importantes du rĂ©seau concernant sa taille, de dĂ©pendances, de la forme, l’asymĂ©trie et son goulot d'Ă©tranglement seront prĂ©sentĂ©s. En outre, les quantificateurs relatifs aux caractĂ©ristiques temporelles, la charge des travaux, et la disponibilitĂ© des ressources seront Ă©galement prĂ©sentĂ©es et discutĂ©es. S’appuyant sur la version normalisĂ©e de ces diffĂ©rentes mesures et en utilisant un ensemble de donnĂ©es de 400 projets avec une description diffĂ©rente des charges de travaux et les disponibilitĂ©s des ressources, des indices agrĂ©gĂ©s de complexitĂ© du projet seront produits. Les agrĂ©gations linĂ©aires de ces indices ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es en utilisant l’analyse en composantes principales. Par la suite, ces indices ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour Ă©valuer la performance et la robustesse d'une approche mĂ©ta-heuristiques qui a utilisĂ© des algorithmes gĂ©nĂ©tiques. L’analyse des rĂ©sultats a montrĂ© l’efficacitĂ© de certains des indices proposĂ©s pour expliquer les variances des rĂ©sultats de l’ensemble de 400 projets. Par ailleurs, l’un de ces indices que nous avons appelĂ© «indice de poids de projet», peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© efficacement pour prĂ©dire la prĂ©sence de pĂ©nalitĂ©s de retard ou de la non-capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©aliser le projet avec les ressources pendant la durĂ©e contractuelle spĂ©cifiĂ©e

    A simulation-based resource optimization and time reduction model using design structure matrix

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    Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-89).Project scheduling is an important research and application area in engineering management. Recent research in this area addresses resource constraints as well as stochastic durations. This thesis presents a simulation-based optimization model for solving resource-constrained product development project scheduling problems. The model uses design structure matrix (DSM) to represent the information exchange among various tasks of a project. Instead of a simple binary precedence relationship, DSM is able to quantify the extent of interactions as well. In particular, these interactions are characterized by rework probabilities, rework impacts and learning. As a result, modeling based on DSM allows iterations to take place. This stochastic characteristic is not well addressed in earlier literatures of project scheduling problems. Adding resource factors to DSM simulation is a relatively new topic. We not only model the constraints posed by resource requirements, but also explore the effect of allocating different amount of resources on iterations. Genetic algorithm (GA) is chosen to optimize the model over a weighted sum of a set of heuristics. GA is known for its robustness in solving many types of problems. While the normal branch-and-bound method depends on problem specific information to generate tight bounds, GA requires virtually no information of the search space. Therefore GA makes this simulation- optimization model more general. Results are shown for several fictitious examples, each having some uniqueness in their DSM structure. Managerial insights are derived from the comparison of the GA solutions to these examples with other known solutions.by Yifeng Zhang.S.M

    Modelo de gestão da afectação de recursos humanos a projectos na SONAE Center Serviços II S.A.

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    Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Industrial e GestĂŁo. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

    Solution model to the resource constrained project scheduling problem RCPSP with insertion task and random duration

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    In this doctoral thesis, an optimization model is developed in order to provide a solution strategy to the scheduling problem in new product development projects. This projects face diferent risks that affect the normal execution of activities and their due date. Therefore, the problem has been analyzed as a resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) under a probabilistic context. Specifically, it includes parameters like the random duration of the activities and the probability of inserting additional tasks in the project network. The optimization model developed in this research has four stages: the identification of risks, the estimation of the activities duration from four redundancy based methods, the resolution of an integer linear program in order to generate the project baselines, and the selection of the best baseline through two robustness indicators. A case study to applied the proposed model is presented, which refers to the development of a leadframe material for a semiconductor package. In the developed model, two fundamental contributions are hightlighted: the integration of a detail project’s risks analysis with an optimization model that generate a robust baseline, and the adaptation of the RCPSP with random duration of activities and stochastic insertion tasks to the case of new product development project.En esta tesis doctoral, se desarrolla un modelo de optimización como estrategia de solución al problema de programación de proyectos de desarrollo de nuevos productos. Teniendo en cuenta que este tipo de proyectos son afectados por diversos riesgos que al materializarse pueden afectar la ejecución normal de las actividades y sus plazos de finalización, se ha optado por modelar el problema dentro de un contexto probabilístico y tomando como referente el problema de programación de proyectos con recursos restringidos (Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem: RCPSP). El RCPSP adoptado incluye como parámetros: la duración aleatoria de las actividades y la probabilidad de insertar tareas adicionales en la red del proyecto. El modelo de optimización desarrollado en esta investigación contempla cuatro etapas: la identificación de los riesgos, la estimación de la duración de las actividades a partir de cuatro procedimientos basados en duraciones redundantes, la resolución de un programa lineal entero que genera las líneas-base del proyecto, y la selección de la mejor línea-base evaluada por medio de dos indicadores de robustez. Con el fin de aplicar el modelo propuesto, se presenta un caso de estudio que hace referencia al desarrollo de un material para el marco de conexión de un circuito integrado. En el modelo desarrollado se destacan dos aportes fundamentales: la integración de un análisis detallado de riesgos del proyecto con un modelo de optimización que genera una línea-base robusta, y la adaptación del RCPSP con duración aleatoria de actividades e inserción de tareas al caso de proyectos de desarrollo de nuevos productos.Doctorad

    AnĂĄlisis de la relaciĂłn entre polĂ­ticas de asignaciĂłn de recursos en la atenciĂłn de desastres y la mortalidad

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    244 pĂĄginasEl presente trabajo encuentra la relaciĂłn entre polĂ­ticas de asignaciĂłn de recursos para el sistema logĂ­stico humanitario colombiano y el tiempo de respuesta del sistema para la atenciĂłn de la poblaciĂłn afectada. La relaciĂłn se determina comparando el desempeño del sistema frente a dos polĂ­ticas de asignaciĂłn de recursos utilizadas en la programaciĂłn de proyectos con recursos restringidos, identificadas como mĂĄs relevantes en la literatura y adoptables al sistema humanitario. Se construyĂł un modelo del sistema Colombiano de atenciĂłn de desastres utilizando una combinaciĂłn de redes AON y dinĂĄmica de sistemas, con el fin de establecer el impacto sobre los tiempos de respuesta de dichas polĂ­ticas. Se encontrĂł que, si bien la aplicaciĂłn de polĂ­ticas de asignaciĂłn de recursos puede cambiar significativamente el nĂșmero de muertos de un desastre, las polĂ­ticas evaluadas, en promedio no disminuyeron el nĂșmero de muertos. El criterio de asignaciĂłn de recursos utilizado actualmente por el sistema colombiano puede considerarse adecuado, pero se recomienda evaluar otras polĂ­ticas de asignaciĂłn de recursos que no estĂ©n basadas en la ruta crĂ­tica sino en la informaciĂłn de recursos y de la estructura de la red

    Prise en compte de la flexibilitĂ© des ressources humaines dans la planification et l’ordonnancement des activitĂ©s industrielles

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    Le besoin croissant de rĂ©activitĂ© dans les diffĂ©rents secteurs industriels face Ă  la volatilitĂ© des marchĂ©s soulĂšve une forte demande de la flexibilitĂ© dans leur organisation. Cette flexibilitĂ© peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e pour amĂ©liorer la robustesse du planning de rĂ©fĂ©rence d’un programme d’activitĂ©s donnĂ©. Les ressources humaines de l’entreprise Ă©tant de plus en plus considĂ©rĂ©es comme le coeur des structures organisationnelles, elles reprĂ©sentent une source de flexibilitĂ© renouvelable et viable. Tout d’abord, ce travail a Ă©tĂ© mis en oeuvre pour modĂ©liser le problĂšme d’affectation multi-pĂ©riodes des effectifs sur les activitĂ©s industrielles en considĂ©rant deux dimensions de la flexibilitĂ©: L’annualisation du temps de travail, qui concerne les politiques de modulation d’horaires, individuels ou collectifs, et la polyvalence des opĂ©rateurs, qui induit une vision dynamique de leurs compĂ©tences et la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prĂ©voir les Ă©volutions des performances individuelles en fonction des affectations successives. La nature dynamique de l’efficacitĂ© des effectifs a Ă©tĂ© modĂ©lisĂ©e en fonction de l’apprentissage par la pratique et de la perte de compĂ©tence pendant les pĂ©riodes d’interruption du travail. En consĂ©quence, nous sommes rĂ©solument placĂ©s dans un contexte oĂč la durĂ©e prĂ©vue des activitĂ©s n’est plus dĂ©terministe, mais rĂ©sulte du nombre des acteurs choisis pour les exĂ©cuter, en plus des niveaux de leur expĂ©rience. Ensuite, la recherche a Ă©tĂ© orientĂ©e pour rĂ©pondre Ă  la question : « quelle genre, ou quelle taille, de problĂšme pose le projet que nous devons planifier? ». Par consĂ©quent, les diffĂ©rentes dimensions du problĂšme posĂ© sont classĂ©es et analysĂ©s pour ĂȘtre Ă©valuĂ©es et mesurĂ©es. Pour chaque dimension, la mĂ©thode d’évaluation la plus pertinente a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e : le travail a ensuite consistĂ© Ă  rĂ©duire les paramĂštres rĂ©sultants en composantes principales en procĂ©dant Ă  une analyse factorielle. En rĂ©sultat, la complexitĂ© (ou la simplicitĂ©) de la recherche de solution (c’est-Ă -dire de l’élaboration d’un planning satisfaisant pour un problĂšme donnĂ©) peut ĂȘtre Ă©valuĂ©e. Pour ce faire, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une plate-forme logicielle destinĂ©e Ă  rĂ©soudre le problĂšme et construire le planning de rĂ©fĂ©rence du projet avec l’affectation des ressources associĂ©es, plate-forme basĂ©e sur les algorithmes gĂ©nĂ©tiques. Le modĂšle a Ă©tĂ© validĂ©, et ses paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© affinĂ©s via des plans d’expĂ©riences pour garantir la meilleure performance. De plus, la robustesse de ces performances a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e sur la rĂ©solution complĂšte d’un Ă©chantillon de quatre cents projets, classĂ©s selon le nombre de leurs tĂąches. En raison de l’aspect dynamique de l’efficacitĂ© des opĂ©rateurs, le prĂ©sent travail examine un ensemble de facteurs qui influencent le dĂ©veloppement de leur polyvalence. Les rĂ©sultats concluent logiquement qu’une entreprise en quĂȘte de flexibilitĂ© doit accepter des coĂ»ts supplĂ©mentaires pour dĂ©velopper la polyvalence de ses opĂ©rateurs. Afin de maĂźtriser ces surcoĂ»ts, le nombre des opĂ©rateurs qui suivent un programme de dĂ©veloppement des compĂ©tences doit ĂȘtre optimisĂ©, ainsi que, pour chacun d’eux, le degrĂ© de ressemblance entre les nouvelles compĂ©tences dĂ©veloppĂ©es et les compĂ©tences initiales, ou le nombre de ces compĂ©tences complĂ©mentaires (toujours pour chacun d’eux), ainsi enfin que la façon dont les heures de travail des opĂ©rateurs doivent ĂȘtre rĂ©parties sur la pĂ©riode d’acquisition des compĂ©tences. Enfin, ce travail ouvre la porte pour la prise en compte future des facteurs humains et de la flexibilitĂ© des effectifs pendant l’élaboration d’un planning de rĂ©fĂ©rence. ABSTRACT : The growing need of responsiveness for manufacturing companies facing the market volatility raises a strong demand for flexibility in their organization. This flexibility can be used to enhance the robustness of a baseline schedule for a given programme of activities. Since the company personnel are increasingly seen as the core of the organizational structures, they provide the decision-makers with a source of renewable and viable flexibility. First, this work was implemented to model the problem of multi-period workforce allocation on industrial activities with two degrees of flexibility: the annualizing of the working time, which offers opportunities of changing the schedules, individually as well as collectively. The second degree of flexibility is the versatility of operators, which induces a dynamic view of their skills and the need to predict changes in individual performances as a result of successive assignments. The dynamic nature of workforce’s experience was modelled in function of learning-by-doing and of oblivion phenomenon during the work interruption periods. We firmly set ourselves in a context where the expected durations of activities are no longer deterministic, but result from the number and levels of experience of the workers assigned to perform them. After that, the research was oriented to answer the question “What kind of problem is raises the project we are facing to schedule?”: therefore the different dimensions of the project are inventoried and analysed to be measured. For each of these dimensions, the related sensitive assessment methods have been proposed. Relying on the produced correlated measures, the research proposes to aggregate them through a factor analysis in order to produce the main principal components of an instance. Consequently, the complexity or the easiness of solving or realising a given scheduling problem can be evaluated. In that view, we developed a platform software to solve the problem and construct the project baseline schedule with the associated resources allocation. This platform relies on a genetic algorithm. The model has been validated, moreover, its parameters has been tuned to give the best performance, relying on an experimental design procedure. The robustness of its performance was also investigated, by a comprehensive solving of four hundred instances of projects, ranked according to the number of their tasks. Due to the dynamic aspect of the workforce’s experience, this research work investigates a set of different parameters affecting the development of their versatility. The results recommend that the firms seeking for flexibility should accept an amount of extra cost to develop the operators’ multi functionality. In order to control these over-costs, the number of operators who attend a skill development program should be optimised, as well as the similarity of the new developed skills relative to the principal ones, or the number of the additional skills an operator may be trained to, or finally the way the operators’ working hours should be distributed along the period of skill acquisition: this is the field of investigations of the present work which will, in the end, open the door for considering human factors and workforce’s flexibility in generating a work baseline program
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