A Standalone FPGA-based Miner for Lyra2REv2 Cryptocurrencies

Lyra2REv2 is a hashing algorithm that consists of a chain of individual hashing algorithms, and it is used as a proof-of-work function in several cryptocurrencies. The most crucial and exotic hashing algorithm in the Lyra2REv2 chain is a specific instance of the general Lyra2 algorithm. This work presents the first hardware implementation of the specific instance of Lyra2 that is used in Lyra2REv2. Several properties of the aforementioned algorithm are exploited in order to optimize the design. In addition, an FPGA-based hardware implementation of a standalone miner for Lyra2REv2 on a Xilinx Multi-Processor System on Chip is presented. The proposed Lyra2REv2 miner is shown to be significantly more energy efficient than both a GPU and a commercially available FPGA-based miner. Finally, we also explain how the simplified Lyra2 and Lyra2REv2 architectures can be modified with minimal effort to also support the recent Lyra2REv3 chained hashing algorithm.Comment: 13 pages, accepted for publication in IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1807.0576

Analysis of the possibility of using selected hash functions submitted for the SHA-3 competition in the SDEx encryption method

The paper presents analysis of the possibility of using selected hash functions submitted for the SHA-3 competition in the SDEx encryption method. The group of these functions will include the finalists of the SHA-3 competition, i.e. BLAKE, Grøstl, JH, Keccak, Skein. The aim of the analysis is to develop more secure and faster cryptographic algorithm compared to the current version of the SDEx method with SHA-512 and the AES algorithm. When considering the speed of algorithms, mainly the software implementation will be taken into account, as it is the most commonly used

PDFS: Practical Data Feed Service for Smart Contracts

Smart contracts are a new paradigm that emerged with the rise of the blockchain technology. They allow untrusting parties to arrange agreements. These agreements are encoded as a programming language code and deployed on a blockchain platform, where all participants execute them and maintain their state. Smart contracts are promising since they are automated and decentralized, thus limiting the involvement of third trusted parties, and can contain monetary transfers. Due to these features, many people believe that smart contracts will revolutionize the way we think of distributed applications, information sharing, financial services, and infrastructures. To release the potential of smart contracts, it is necessary to connect the contracts with the outside world, such that they can understand and use information from other infrastructures. For instance, smart contracts would greatly benefit when they have access to web content. However, there are many challenges associated with realizing such a system, and despite the existence of many proposals, no solution is secure, provides easily-parsable data, introduces small overheads, and is easy to deploy. In this paper we propose PDFS, a practical system for data feeds that combines the advantages of the previous schemes and introduces new functionalities. PDFS extends content providers by including new features for data transparency and consistency validations. This combination provides multiple benefits like content which is easy to parse and efficient authenticity verification without breaking natural trust chains. PDFS keeps content providers auditable, mitigates their malicious activities (like data modification or censorship), and allows them to create a new business model. We show how PDFS is integrated with existing web services, report on a PDFS implementation and present results from conducted case studies and experiments.Comment: Blockchain; Smart Contracts; Data Authentication; Ethereu

OPRACOWANIE I BADANIA KRYPTOGRAFICZNYCH FUNKCJI SKRÓTU (HASH) NA PODSTAWIE DWUWYMIAROWYCH AUTOMATÓW KOMÓRKOWYCH

Software solution for cryptographic hash functions based on sponge construction with inner state implemented as two-dimensional cellular automata (CA) has been developed. To perform pseudorandom permutation in round transformation function several combinations of CA rules 30, 54, 86, 150 and 158 have been proposed. The developed hashing mechanism provides effective parallel processing, ensures good statistical and scattering properties, enables one to obtain hash of a varying length and reveals strong avalanche effect.Za pomocą oprogramowania zostały opracowane kryptograficzne funkcje skrótu (hash) na podstawie gąbki kryptograficznej, której stan wewnętrzny został zrealizowany w postaci dwuwymiarowych automatów komórkowych (KA). W celu implementacji permutacji pseudolosowych zaproponowano kombinację zasad obróbki CA 30, 54, 86, 150 i 158 w celu realizacji funkcji transformacji rundy. Opracowany mechanizm haszowania pozwala na skuteczne przetwarzanie równoległe, zapewnia jakościowe charakterystyki statystyczne i rozproszenia, pozwala na otrzymanie skrótu o zmiennej długości i ujawnia stabilny efekt lawinowy

Modify Speck-SHA3 (SSHA) for data integrity in WoT networking based on 4-D chaotic system

WoT has become one of the important fields that accompanied the development of technology in the present day, so that its income in all areas of work, including (industrial, agricultural, medical, industrial, etc.). This proliferation generated fears among users of the growing use of WoT without providing safe ways to preserve the information generated by its devices. So, many ways to maintain the security of data as well as integrity, through the use of light weight speed algorithms to encrypt and to validate the parameters that may be used in this area. In the field of information authentication, many algorithms have emerged that help to ensure the authenticity of information generated when sent from physical sensors to the user environment. These include SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3, etc. In WoT, the speed of encryption and authentication must be an important requirement and a duty to ensure the validity of the information and to continue monitoring the data. Therefore, providing fast algorithms is an important requirement to be provided with WoT. In this paper, a modification of the SHA-3 algorithm will be introduced by replacing the KECCAK function with another very fast algorithm which is SPECK which is produced a very fast algorithm with a reliable strong level of security in the data validation process produced by sensors. Also, the extended logistic system will be used to generate the initial values that the SHA3 algorithm uses to make these values unknown and which the intruder cannot guess or recognize

A State-of-the-Art Survey for IoT Security and Energy Management based on Hashing Algorithms

The Internet of Things (IoT) has developed as a disruptive technology with wide-ranging applications across several sectors, enabling the connecting of devices and the acquisition of substantial volumes of data. Nevertheless, the rapid expansion of networked gadgets has generated substantial apprehensions pertaining to security and energy administration. This survey paper offers a detailed examination of the present state of research and advancements in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) security and energy management. The work places special emphasis on the use of hashing algorithms in this context. The security of the Internet of Things (IoT) is a crucial element in safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data inside IoT environments. Hashing algorithms have gained prominence as a fundamental tool for enhancing IoT security. This survey reviews the state of the art in cryptographic hashing techniques and their application in securing IoT devices, data, and communication. Furthermore, the efficient management of energy resources is essential to prolong the operational lifespan of IoT devices and reduce their environmental impact. Hashing algorithms are also instrumental in optimizing energy consumption through data compression, encryption, and authentication. This survey explores the latest advancements in energy-efficient IoT systems and how hashing algorithms contribute to energy management strategies. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent research findings and technological advancements, this survey identifies key challenges and open research questions in the fields of IoT security and energy management based on hashing algorithms. It provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to further advance the state of the art in these critical IoT domains

Ejafa_protocol: A custom INC secure protocol

"EJAFA_PROTOCOL: A CUSTOM INC SECURE PROTOCOL" presents a cryptographic solution tailored for lightweight devices, striking a delicate balance between security and efficiency. The protocol incorporates modern cryptographic primitives, including X25519 for key exchange and ChaCha20 for encryption, while adhering to established RFC standards. The report explores the protocol's design, implementation over various network protocols, and its performance characteristics. A key feature of the protocol is its adaptability to resource-constrained environments without compromising on security. This work contributes to the evolving landscape of secure communication protocols, providing a robust solution for practical deployment across a spectrum of applications.Comment: Advanced Computer Network Course,Peking University,Beijing,Chin

Semantic-aware Stealthy Control Logic Infection Attack

In this thesis work we present CLIK, a new, automated, remote attack on the control logic of a programmable logic controller (PLC) in industrial control systems. The CLIK attack modifies the control logic running in a remote target PLC automatically to disrupt a physical process. We implement the CLIK attack on a real PLC. The attack is initiated by subverting the security measures that protect the control logic in a PLC. We found a critical (zero-day) vulnerability, which allows the attacker to overwrite password hash in the PLC during the authentication process. Next, CLIK retrieves and decompiles the original logic and injects a malicious logic into it and then, transfers the infected logic back to the PLC. To hide the infection, we propose a virtual PLC that engages the software the virtual PLC intercepts the request and then, responds with the original (uninfected) control logic to the software

Semantic-aware Stealthy Control Logic Infection Attack

In this thesis work we present CLIK, a new, automated, remote attack on the control logic of a programmable logic controller (PLC) in industrial control systems. The CLIK attack modifies the control logic running in a remote target PLC automatically to disrupt a physical process. We implement the CLIK attack on a real PLC. The attack is initiated by subverting the security measures that protect the control logic in a PLC. We found a critical (zero-day) vulnerability, which allows the attacker to overwrite password hash in the PLC during the authentication process. Next, CLIK retrieves and decompiles the original logic and injects a malicious logic into it and then, transfers the infected logic back to the PLC. To hide the infection, we propose a virtual PLC that engages the software the virtual PLC intercepts the request and then, responds with the original (uninfected) control logic to the software