Displacer-type liquid level sensor with liquid density auto-compensation

In the classic displacer-type liquid level measuring method, liquid level is calculated via the buoyancy force exerted by the liquid on a displacer. This technology has high linearity, precision, accuracy, ease of installation and low cost. Nonetheless, displacer level sensors have significant sensitivity to variations in liquid density, which hinder its use in industrial applications that such quantity is not held constant. In this paper a novel displacer-type liquid level sensor is presented and analyzed. The innovation of the new sensor consists of adding another displacer and thus calculating the new measured value by the quotient of the buoyancy forces of both displacers. Therefore, the new measurement is ideally insensitive to the variations in liquid density. A prototype was built and prototype results presented high linearity, being able to mitigate the sensitivity to the liquid density, increasing accuracy in the measurements

The Design of Digital Liquid Density Meter Based on Arduino

A measure of liquid thickness is needed to make a dough or formula for medicinal syrup. The tools to measure the thickness available in the market are analog that is less accurate and precision. To overcome these problems, digital density measuring devices are needed. The limitation of the digital density meter, especially liquid, urges the author to carry out further research on the digitization of this measuring instrument. This research aims to make a digital density meter for liquid matter with a high level of measurement accuracy, as the reference measurement study for liquid density in digital form. The instrument was designed using the load cell method as the main sensor. It was also equipped with a DS18B20 water-resistant temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the liquid. The data were analyzed to obtain the accuracy and error of the liquid density measurement from the density meter. The liquid samples used for research were Pertamax, solar, and water. Sample accuracy and error measurement results were 99.83 percent and 0.17 percent respectively for Pertamax, 99.63 percent and 0.37 percent for solar and 99.46 percent and 0.54 percent for water. The measured density value was finally shown on the 16x2 LCD

Optical Properties of Amorphous Magnesium-Bismuth Alloys

The amorphous magnesium-bismuth alloys were prepared by the co-evaporation technique . The compositions of these alloys were determined from the rate of deposition of the two constituents using the quartz crystal oscillators. A new method to calculate the densities of the alloys from the rates of deposition is outlined. The electrical measurements of the d.c. resistivity shows that the Mg-Bi alloys close to the stoichiometric composition Mg3Bi2 has a very high resistivity. From the optical measurements, the stoichiometric Mg3Bi2 compound is found to have an optical band gap 0.264 + 0.006 ev. The dramatic changes in the optical band gap due to annealing make the proposed model densities of states of doubtful relevance

Polarisation Coherence Imaging of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Plasmas

Polarisation coherence imaging is a powerful spectroscopic diagnostic for high spatial resolution measurements of strong electric and/or magnetic fields inside high temperature fusion plasmas. The motional Stark effect (MSE) is the principal application for the technique, involving measurement of the Balmer-α polarised emission from high velocity neutral beam atoms subjected to a strong vxB electric field. The research in this thesis examines all aspects of polarisation coherence imaging including: the atomic physics of the Stark-Zeeman split light emission; the optical physics and measurement principles involved in the technique; and experimental measurements on the DIII-D tokamak and H-1 heliac. The polarisation properties of single electron atoms in crossed electric and magnetic fields are revealed to be more complex than previously recognised due to the remaining degeneracy in the Stark-Zeeman energy levels and the absence of a well-defined magnetic quantum number. A linear perturbation theory analysis finds distinct polarisation structures for the σ emission that apply when the fine-structure of the atom and microscopic electric fields are considered. Only the σ±1 polarisation orientation is sensitive to upper-state populations, which are known to be non-statistical for MSE beam-into-gas calibrations, however with appropriate viewing geometries and neutral beam injection directions the effect can be made negligible. Similarly beam-into-gas calibrations of the σ±1:π±3 line intensity ratio are found to be sensitive to upper-state populations and are therefore potentially invalid. Equations for the linear and circular polarisation of each Balmer-α transition are formulated, correct to second order in the Zeeman:Stark splitting ratio, for straightforward interpretation of the Stokes parameters. Calculations reveal the net circular polarisation fraction for the π±3 and π±4 emission is ~20% for typical beam energies. Various imaging polarimeter designs exist and their different advantages and calibration challenges are examined. Some imaging MSE strategies encode the Stark-Zeeman circular polarisation at the same spatial frequency as the linear polarisation, however fortunately it is established that the interferometric delay can be tuned to mitigate the circular polarisation signal without severely reducing the linear polarisation signal. A newly developed non-axial ray model is capable of predicting and characterising additional spatial carriers generated by a sequence of displacer waveplates. An imaging MSE diagnostic was benchmarked against existing conventional MSE polarimeters on DIII-D and delivered new capabilities for measuring the magnetic pitch angle from 2 neutral beams and on the high field side of DIII-D. The imaging measurements from each neutral beam were self-consistent and good agreement was demonstrated with conventional MSE measurements for shots with magnetic field and plasma current in the standard direction, however the agreement is lost for shots with either reversed field or current direction. An analysis of the magnetic axis position independently measured with the conventional MSE, imaging MSE, electron cyclotron emission and magnetics is presented to elucidate differences between the MSE measurements. The ferroelectric liquid crystal waveplate used in the imaging polarimeter was discovered to have spatially non-uniform retardance, hence it is imperative for the illumination of the calibration source to replicate the ray paths of the neutral beam emission through the optical system. A systematic distortion is apparent in the images above and below the midplane, possibly due to remaining uncertainties from the Faraday rotation calibration or the illumination source dependence. Phase resolved imaging on the H-1 heliac revealed a 7MHz temporal oscillation in the light intensity that has the structure of a propagating wave. Using multiple viewing geometries and a magnetic field strength scan it was revealed that the wave characteristics are consistent with electron density perturbations produced by an electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave propagating near the last closed flux surface. The parallel velocity of the observed RF wave is comparable to the electron thermal speed suggesting that Landau damping of the wave energy to electrons drives the edge electron heating on H-1

Preparations for the Mu3e experiment: Magnet commissioning, beamline studies and a study of fake tracks

The Mu3e experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland will search for the rare decay of a positive muon to two positrons and one electron. Phase I of the experiment aims for a sensitivity of one in 10^15 muon decays and Phase II aims for a sensitivity of one in 10^16 muon decays which is four orders of magnitude better that previous experiments. The Standard Model process via a neutrino loop is suppressed to unobservable levels O(< 10^50) and does not play a practical role. Therefore, any measurement of this decay would be a clear sign of new physics. To achieve its goal, Mu3e relies on a high rate of muons being detected in a spectrometer with a wide kinematic acceptance, excellent momentum and vertex resolutions and precise timing information. As of September 2021, data taking is expected to begin in 2022 at a muon rate of 10^8 μ/s. The full rate of 2x10^9 μ/s will not be reached before 2026. The main subject of this thesis is the preparations for the experiment which include the magnet commissioning, a magnet simulation, beamline simulation studies, beam measurements at the πE5 beamline and an analysis of fake tracks in simulation

Opto-mechanics in a Michelson-Sagnac interferometer

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Quantum Computing and Communications

This book explains the concepts and basic mathematics of quantum computing and communication. Chapters cover such topics as quantum algorithms, photonic implementations of discrete-time quantum walks, how to build a quantum computer, and quantum key distribution and teleportation, among others