State-of-the-art on research and applications of machine learning in the building life cycle

Fueled by big data, powerful and affordable computing resources, and advanced algorithms, machine learning has been explored and applied to buildings research for the past decades and has demonstrated its potential to enhance building performance. This study systematically surveyed how machine learning has been applied at different stages of building life cycle. By conducting a literature search on the Web of Knowledge platform, we found 9579 papers in this field and selected 153 papers for an in-depth review. The number of published papers is increasing year by year, with a focus on building design, operation, and control. However, no study was found using machine learning in building commissioning. There are successful pilot studies on fault detection and diagnosis of HVAC equipment and systems, load prediction, energy baseline estimate, load shape clustering, occupancy prediction, and learning occupant behaviors and energy use patterns. None of the existing studies were adopted broadly by the building industry, due to common challenges including (1) lack of large scale labeled data to train and validate the model, (2) lack of model transferability, which limits a model trained with one data-rich building to be used in another building with limited data, (3) lack of strong justification of costs and benefits of deploying machine learning, and (4) the performance might not be reliable and robust for the stated goals, as the method might work for some buildings but could not be generalized to others. Findings from the study can inform future machine learning research to improve occupant comfort, energy efficiency, demand flexibility, and resilience of buildings, as well as to inspire young researchers in the field to explore multidisciplinary approaches that integrate building science, computing science, data science, and social science

Optimization of Energy Consumption in The Residential Sector, Using Automated Control Systems

With limited energy resources for sustainable and balanced national development it is becoming more and more important to solve tasks of optimization of energy consumption. This optimization is important not only for major Russian companies (which provide major share of tax inflows for the state budget), but also for homes in order toreduce the energy consumption. This article discusses a complex approach in the field monitoring and energy management of apartment buildings as part of the energy management program using an automated thermal and electrical energy management system developed by NGO VEST in Tomsk. It is shown that the power monitoring data allow to make economically effective decisions in reducing energy consumption costs in residential buildings. The creation of the Analytical Center and the use of an automated energy management system give the opportunity to reduce costs of heat consumption in apartment buildings and, as a consequence, increase the efficiency of use of budgetary funds, used for subsidizing the northern regions of Russia

Optimization of Energy Consumption in The Residential Sector, Using Automated Control Systems

With limited energy resources for sustainable and balanced national development it is becoming more and more important to solve tasks of optimization of energy consumption. This optimization is important not only for major Russian companies (which provide major share of tax inflows for the state budget), but also for homes in order toreduce the energy consumption. This article discusses a complex approach in the field monitoring and energy management of apartment buildings as part of the energy management program using an automated thermal and electrical energy management system developed by NGO VEST in Tomsk. It is shown that the power monitoring data allow to make economically effective decisions in reducing energy consumption costs in residential buildings. The creation of the Analytical Center and the use of an automated energy management system give the opportunity to reduce costs of heat consumption in apartment buildings and, as a consequence, increase the efficiency of use of budgetary funds, used for subsidizing the northern regions of Russia

Vision of energy systems for smart cities

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Transforming Smart Cities with Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Implications

This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on smart cities. With the rapid development of AI, its applications in smart cities have become increasingly important in enhancing urban development, improving public services, and creating sustainable and efficient urban environments. The paper first provides an overview of smart cities and AI, highlighting the importance of studying the impact of AI on smart cities. It then examines the role of AI in smart cities, including its definition, applications, and benefits. The paper also analyzes the impact of AI on smart city development, including changes in urban planning and design, transportation and traffic management, energy efficiency, and public safety and security. However, the potential risks and challenges of AI in smart cities, such as ethical and privacy concerns, job displacement, and cybersecurity risks, are also discussed. Finally, the paper explores the future of AI in smart cities, including opportunities for further innovation, collaboration between public and private sectors, and potential impact on urban lifestyles and citizen engagement. The paper concludes with a summary of the key points and implications for future research and policy-making

Sustainable low carbon urban lighting analysis: a case study of Bandung city

Nowadays, lighting technology is in the transition period from conventional lighting to LED, which more environmentally friendly due to free of harmful substances such as mercury, lead, or other hazardous chemicals and gases. This low light pollution because directional light is carefully distributed precisely to the intended location. Performance of the lights also brighter than other lights. This research measuring the reduction of CO2 gas emissions before and after PJU (street lights) in Bandung is changed from the conventional to the LED, also mapping the CO2 gas emissions in six Development Areas (SWK). The basis for this research approach is a case study with before and after comparison, meaning that this approach only applies to one object that is the same as comparing the condition of the object before and after the treatment. In this study, the evaluation research method used is a causal method, which is a method that is more directed at impact evaluation research. Scientifically and objectively, PJU LED provides low CO2 emissions gas by up to 26 % in Bandung city

The GHG emission reduction toolkit : a case study of Blacktown City, Australia

This PhD thesis is in line with Australia’s national policy of a 26-28% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions to 2005 levels. According to a review of its climate change policy in 2017, the Australian Government is committed to tackling climate change, while maintaining a strong economy, providing affordable energy and security for industries. This requires new initiatives in existing technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or the emergence of new technologies altogether. Whatever the strategy, the final goal is to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This national target is now disseminated among different sectors and governmental bodies in Australia, requesting them to submit their action plans against climate change. This includes all Australian City Councils and incorporates Blacktown City Council as the Case Study for this study. As part of the Blacktown City Council’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this research study is the result of collaboration between the Council and Western Sydney University. The authorities of both sides have signed a research collaboration agreement, ample evidence of a local university tackling local problems. This research agreement is unique as it opens a door for other local Councils to collaborate with universities. Blacktown City Council, on the other side of this agreement, can improve its body of knowledge through a comprehensive investigation of greenhouse gas mitigation using its available tools. Therefore, this research study developed a toolkit to help reduce the Council’s GHG Emission

Market Structure and Energy Efficiency: The Case of New Commercial Buildings

This is a report on why commercial office buildings aren’t more energy efficient. Several decades of energy efficiency programs have resulted in some gains, but overall increases in the energy efficiency of buildings have fallen far short of the 30 to 50 percent improvement that many efficiency advocates believe is possible. The purpose of this study is to consider the “why” question by empirically examining the dynamics of new commercial building markets. To do so, the authors used multiple research techniques, including qualitative field observation and interview methods that allow for a more in-depth understanding of complicated market processes. Their research focused primarily on new office buildings and centered in four regional markets: Sacramento, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland. The authors identify key dynamics of commercial office building markets, describe how change and innovation occurs in commercial development, discuss the implications for energy efficiency, and suggest next steps

Creating a Plan to Convert Streetlights in Southeast Michigan to Energy Efficient LED's by 2025

Street lighting plays an important role in the human landscape, providing public safety and place-making benefits. However, it is also the largest energy expense for many municipalities and accounts for significant environmental impacts. By converting their street lighting to LED bulbs, communities throughout Southeast Michigan have a great opportunity to save money, reduce their environmental impacts, and realize safety and aesthetic benefits for residents. However, municipalities’ participation in street lighting conversion projects has thus far been limited due to lack of information and communication about available community lighting options. This report, prepared on behalf of the Southeast Michigan Regional Energy Office (SEMREO), explores the following perspectives of the proposed LED streetlight conversion projects: technical feasibility, street lighting policy, environmental impact analysis, social and community analysis, and financial analysis of available funding mechanisms. For the technology analysis section, we performed a literature review of available street lighting technologies, with a focus on highlighting the energy and cost benefits of LED conversion project implementation. With their high efficacy and long lifetimes relative to conventional bulbs, LEDs were proven the best option for streetlight upgrades in Southeast Michigan. We also performed a policy analysis, examining policy incentives and disincentives for LED street lighting conversion projects in the state of Michigan, including utility incentives, legislative activities, and federal policy drivers. For our environmental analysis, we quantified the emissions reductions attributed to the demand reduction from the LED conversion project, and determined its potential as a cost-effective emissions reduction mechanism. In addition, we met with community members and identified the needs and preferences of the Eastpointe community, a SEMREO member, and found that participants were interested in the possibilities of solar-powered streetlights. Finally, we evaluated financing options and discussed financial barriers for undergoing such projects. This comprehensive analysis includes a simple streetlight This comprehensive analysis includes a simple streetlight conversion plan for communities in Southeast Michigan region and several recommendations for municipalities participating in SEMREO’s Street Lighting Consortium. First, we found this conversion plan to be economically favorable, saving municipalities an average of 55% of energy savings and 32% of annual expenses savings, with an average simple payback period of 3.7 years. For our recommendations, we emphasize that upgrading streetlights to LEDs creates significant economic, environmental and social benefits: communities should continue being Consortium members, take advantages of economies of scale, and remain active in public consultation processes. Additionally, we recommend that the Consortium continue to advocate for energy efficiency-friendly policies, such as stricter energy optimization standards and inclusion of LED conversion projects in the State Carbon Implementation Plan (SCIP), and that the Consortium style itself as an advocacy and resource organization with dues-based membership. Finally, it is recommended that SEMREO members increase their outreach opportunities with the public to gain more support for streetlight conversions. An integrated approach such as the one laid out in this report could accelerate LED implementation process, assess the benefits, and help to increase participation in future programs. Our results could also be applied to municipalities in Michigan outside of SEMREO’s target region, but further large-scale data analysis would be needed to support this project at a state-level scale.Master of ScienceNatural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117633/1/Final Report - Creating_A_Plan__to_Convert_Streetlights_SE_MI.pd