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Incremental learning of independent, overlapping, and graded concept descriptions with an instance-based process framework
Supervised learning algorithms make several simplifying assumptions concerning the characteristics of the concept descriptions to be learned. For example, concepts are often assumed to be (1) defined with respect to the same set of relevant attributes, (2) disjoint in instance space, and (3) have uniform instance distributions. While these assumptions constrain the learning task, they unfortunately limit an algorithm's applicability. We believe that supervised learning algorithms should learn attribute relevancies independently for each concept, allow instances to be members of any subset of concepts, and represent graded concept descriptions. This paper introduces a process framework for instance-based learning algorithms that exploit only specific instance and performance feedback information to guide their concept learning processes. We also introduce Bloom, a specific instantiation of this framework. Bloom is a supervised, incremental, instance-based learning algorithm that learns relative attribute relevancies independently for each concept, allows instances to be members of any subset of concepts, and represents graded concept memberships. We describe empirical evidence to support our claims that Bloom can learn independent, overlapping, and graded concept descriptions
Developments in the theory of randomized shortest paths with a comparison of graph node distances
There have lately been several suggestions for parametrized distances on a
graph that generalize the shortest path distance and the commute time or
resistance distance. The need for developing such distances has risen from the
observation that the above-mentioned common distances in many situations fail
to take into account the global structure of the graph. In this article, we
develop the theory of one family of graph node distances, known as the
randomized shortest path dissimilarity, which has its foundation in statistical
physics. We show that the randomized shortest path dissimilarity can be easily
computed in closed form for all pairs of nodes of a graph. Moreover, we come up
with a new definition of a distance measure that we call the free energy
distance. The free energy distance can be seen as an upgrade of the randomized
shortest path dissimilarity as it defines a metric, in addition to which it
satisfies the graph-geodetic property. The derivation and computation of the
free energy distance are also straightforward. We then make a comparison
between a set of generalized distances that interpolate between the shortest
path distance and the commute time, or resistance distance. This comparison
focuses on the applicability of the distances in graph node clustering and
classification. The comparison, in general, shows that the parametrized
distances perform well in the tasks. In particular, we see that the results
obtained with the free energy distance are among the best in all the
experiments.Comment: 30 pages, 4 figures, 3 table
One-Class Classification: Taxonomy of Study and Review of Techniques
One-class classification (OCC) algorithms aim to build classification models
when the negative class is either absent, poorly sampled or not well defined.
This unique situation constrains the learning of efficient classifiers by
defining class boundary just with the knowledge of positive class. The OCC
problem has been considered and applied under many research themes, such as
outlier/novelty detection and concept learning. In this paper we present a
unified view of the general problem of OCC by presenting a taxonomy of study
for OCC problems, which is based on the availability of training data,
algorithms used and the application domains applied. We further delve into each
of the categories of the proposed taxonomy and present a comprehensive
literature review of the OCC algorithms, techniques and methodologies with a
focus on their significance, limitations and applications. We conclude our
paper by discussing some open research problems in the field of OCC and present
our vision for future research.Comment: 24 pages + 11 pages of references, 8 figure
Ward's Hierarchical Clustering Method: Clustering Criterion and Agglomerative Algorithm
The Ward error sum of squares hierarchical clustering method has been very
widely used since its first description by Ward in a 1963 publication. It has
also been generalized in various ways. However there are different
interpretations in the literature and there are different implementations of
the Ward agglomerative algorithm in commonly used software systems, including
differing expressions of the agglomerative criterion. Our survey work and case
studies will be useful for all those involved in developing software for data
analysis using Ward's hierarchical clustering method.Comment: 20 pages, 21 citations, 4 figure
Forecasting loss given default with the nearest neighbor algorithm
Mestrado em Matemática FinanceiraNos últimos anos, a previsão do Loss Given Default (LGD) tem sido um dos principais desafios no âmbito da gestão do risco de crédito. Investigadores académicos e profissionais da indústria bancária têm-se dedicado ao estudo deste parâmetro de risco em particular. Apesar de todas as diferentes abordagens já desenvolvidas e publicadas até hoje, a previsão do LGD continua a ser um tema de estudo académico intenso e sobre o qual ainda não existe um "consenso" metodológico na banca. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem alternativa para a previsão do LGD baseada na utilização de um simples, mas intuitivo, algoritmo de Machine Learning: o algoritmo nearest neighbor. De forma a avaliar a perfomance desta técnica não paramétrica na previsão do LGD, são utilizadas determinadas métricas de avaliação que permitem a comparação com um modelo paramétrico mais convencional e com a utilização do LGD médio histórico.In recent years, forecasting Loss Given Default (LGD) has been a major challenge in the field of credit risk management. Practitioners and academic researchers have focused on the study of this particular risk dimension. Despite all different approaches that have been developed and published so far, it remains an area of intense academic study and with lack of consensual solutions in the banking industry. This paper presents an LGD forecasting approach based on a simple and intuitive Machine Learning algorithm: the nearest neighbor algorithm. In order to evaluate the performance of this non parametric technique, some proper evaluation metrics are used to compare it to a more ?classical? parametric model and to the use of historical recovery rates to predict LGD
Survey of data mining approaches to user modeling for adaptive hypermedia
The ability of an adaptive hypermedia system to create tailored environments depends mainly on the amount and accuracy of information stored in each user model. Some of the difficulties that user modeling faces are the amount of data available to create user models, the adequacy of the data, the noise within that data, and the necessity of capturing the imprecise nature of human behavior. Data mining and machine learning techniques have the ability to handle large amounts of data and to process uncertainty. These characteristics make these techniques suitable for automatic generation of user models that simulate human decision making. This paper surveys different data mining techniques that can be used to efficiently and accurately capture user behavior. The paper also presents guidelines that show which techniques may be used more efficiently according to the task implemented by the applicatio
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