An approach for real world data modelling with the 3D terrestrial laser scanner for built environment

Capturing and modelling 3D information of the built environment is a big challenge. A number of techniques and technologies are now in use. These include EDM, GPS, and photogrammetric application, remote sensing and traditional building surveying applications. However, use of these technologies cannot be practical and efficient in regard to time, cost and accuracy. Furthermore, a multi disciplinary knowledge base, created from the studies and research about the regeneration aspects is fundamental: historical, architectural, archeologically, environmental, social, economic, etc. In order to have an adequate diagnosis of regeneration, it is necessary to describe buildings and surroundings by means of documentation and plans. However, at this point in time the foregoing is considerably far removed from the real situation, since more often than not it is extremely difficult to obtain full documentation and cartography, of an acceptable quality, since the material, constructive pathologies and systems are often insufficient or deficient (flat that simply reflects levels, isolated photographs,..). Sometimes the information in reality exists, but this fact is not known, or it is not easily accessible, leading to the unnecessary duplication of efforts and resources. In this paper, we discussed 3D laser scanning technology, which can acquire high density point data in an accurate, fast way. Besides, the scanner can digitize all the 3D information concerned with a real world object such as buildings, trees and terrain down to millimetre detail Therefore, it can provide benefits for refurbishment process in regeneration in the Built Environment and it can be the potential solution to overcome the challenges above. The paper introduce an approach for scanning buildings, processing the point cloud raw data, and a modelling approach for CAD extraction and building objects classification by a pattern matching approach in IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) format. The approach presented in this paper from an undertaken research can lead to parametric design and Building Information Modelling (BIM) for existing structures. Two case studies are introduced to demonstrate the use of laser scanner technology in the Built Environment. These case studies are the Jactin House Building in East Manchester and the Peel building in the campus of University Salford. Through these case studies, while use of laser scanners are explained, the integration of it with various technologies and systems are also explored for professionals in Built Environmen

Towards building information modelling for existing structures

The transformation of cities from the industrial age (unsustainable) to the knowledge age (sustainable) is essentially a ‘whole life cycle’ process consisting of; planning, development, operation, reuse and renewal. During this transformation, a multi-disciplinary knowledge base, created from studies and research about the built environment aspects is fundamental: historical, architectural, archeologically, environmental, social, economic, etc is critical. Although there are a growing number of applications of 3D VR modelling applications, some built environment applications such as disaster management, environmental simulations, computer aided architectural design and planning require more sophisticated models beyond 3D graphical visualization such as multifunctional, interoperable, intelligent, and multi-representational. Advanced digital mapping technologies such as 3D laser scanner technologies can be are enablers for effective e-planning, consultation and communication of users’ views during the planning, design, construction and lifecycle process of the built environment. For example, the 3D laser scanner enables digital documentation of buildings, sites and physical objects for reconstruction and restoration. It also facilitates the creation of educational resources within the built environment, as well as the reconstruction of the built environment. These technologies can be used to drive the productivity gains by promoting a free-flow of information between departments, divisions, offices, and sites; and between themselves, their contractors and partners when the data captured via those technologies are processed and modelled into BIM (Building Information Modelling). The use of these technologies is key enablers to the creation of new approaches to the ‘Whole Life Cycle’ process within the built and human environment for the 21st century. The paper describes the research towards Building Information Modelling for existing structures via the point cloud data captured by the 3D laser scanner technology. A case study building is elaborated to demonstrate how to produce 3D CAD models and BIM models of existing structures based on designated technique

A Survey of Geometric Analysis in Cultural Heritage

We present a review of recent techniques for performing geometric analysis in cultural heritage (CH) applications. The survey is aimed at researchers in the areas of computer graphics, computer vision and CH computing, as well as to scholars and practitioners in the CH field. The problems considered include shape perception enhancement, restoration and preservation support, monitoring over time, object interpretation and collection analysis. All of these problems typically rely on an understanding of the structure of the shapes in question at both a local and global level. In this survey, we discuss the different problem forms and review the main solution methods, aided by classification criteria based on the geometric scale at which the analysis is performed and the cardinality of the relationships among object parts exploited during the analysis. We finalize the report by discussing open problems and future perspectives

Revisión de los métodos computerizados para la reconstrucción de fragmentos arqueológicos de cerámica

[ES] Las cerámicas son los hallazgos más numerosos encontrados en las excavaciones arqueológicas; a menudo se usan para obtener información sobre la historia, la economía y el arte de un sitio. Los arqueólogos rara vez encuentran jarrones completos; en general, están dañados y en fragmentos, a menudo mezclados con otros grupos de cerámica.El análisis y la reconstrucción de fragmentos se realiza por un operador experto mediante el uso del método manual tradicional. Los artículos revisados proporcionaron evidencias de que el método tradicional no es reproducible, no es repetible, consume mucho tiempo y sus resultados generan grandes incertidumbres. Con el objetivo de superar los límites anteriores, en los últimos años, los investigadores han realizado esfuerzos para desarrollar métodos informáticos que permitan el análisis de fragmentos arqueológicos de cerámica, todo ello destinado a su reconstrucción. Para contribuir a este campo de estudio, en este artículo, se presenta un análisis exhaustivo de las publicaciones disponibles más importantes hasta finales de 2019. Este estudio, centrado únicamente en fragmentos de cerámica, se realiza mediante la recopilación de artículos en inglés de la base de datos Scopus, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: "métodos informáticos en arqueología", "arqueología 3D", "reconstrucción 3D", "reconocimiento y reconstrucción automática de características", "restauración de reliquias en forma de cerámica ". La lista se completa con referencias adicionales que se encuentran a través de la lectura de documentos seleccionados. Los 53 trabajos seleccionados se dividen en tres períodos de tiempo. Según una revisión detallada de los estudios realizados, los elementos clave de cada método analizado se enumeran en función de las herramientas de adquisición de datos, las características extraídas, los procesos de clasificación y las técnicas de correspondencia. Finalmente, para superar las brechas reales, se proponen algunas recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.[EN] Potteries are the most numerous finds found in archaeological excavations; they are often used to get information about the history, economy, and art of a site. Archaeologists rarely find complete vases but, generally, damaged and in fragments, often mixed with other pottery groups. By using the traditional manual method, the analysis and reconstruction of sherds are performed by a skilled operator. Reviewed papers provided evidence that the traditional method is not reproducible, not repeatable, time-consuming and its results have great uncertainties. To overcome the aforementioned limits, in the last years, researchers have made efforts to develop computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds analysis, aimed at their reconstruction. To contribute to this field of study, in this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the most important available publications until the end of 2019 is presented. This study, focused on pottery fragments only, is performed by collecting papers in English by the Scopus database using the following keywords: “computer methods in archaeology", "3D archaeology", "3D reconstruction", "automatic feature recognition and reconstruction", "restoration of pottery shape relics”. The list is completed by additional references found through the reading of selected papers. The 53 selected papers are divided into three periods of time. According to a detailed review of the performed studies, the key elements of each analyzed method are listed based on data acquisition tools, features extracted, classification processes, and matching techniques. Finally, to overcome the actual gaps some recommendations for future researches are proposed.Highlights:The traditional manual method for reassembling sherds is very time-consuming and costly; it also requires a great deal effort from skilled archaeologists in repetitive and routine activities.Computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds reconstruction can help archaeologists in the above-mentioned repetitive and routine activities.In this paper, the state-of-the-art computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds reconstruction are reviewed, and some recommendations for future researches are proposed.Eslami, D.; Di Angelo, L.; Di Stefano, P.; Pane, C. (2020). Review of computer-based methods for archaeological ceramic sherds reconstruction. 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Mending broken vessels a fusion between color markings and anchor points on surface breaks. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 75(7), 3709-3732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2190-0Cooper, D. B., Willis, A., Andrews, S., Baker, J., Cao, Y., Han, D., … others. (2001). Assembling virtual pots from 3D measurements of their fragments. In Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Virtual Reality, Archeology, and Cultural Heritage, (pp. 241-254). https://doi.org/10.1145/584993.585032Di Angelo, L., Di Stefano, P., Morabito, A. E., & Pane, C. (2018). Measurement of constant radius geometric features in archaeological pottery. Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 124 (March), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.04.016Di Angelo, L., Di Stefano, P., & Pane, C. (2018). An automatic method for pottery fragments analysis. 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(2014). Axis estimation and grouping of rotationally symmetric object segments. Pattern Recognition, 47(1), 296-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2013.06.022Hlavackova-Schindler, K., Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2001). Fitting of a Closed Planar Curve Representing a Profile of an Archaeological Fragment. In Proceedings VAST 2001 Virtual Reality, Archeology, and Cultural Heritage, (pp. 263-269). https://doi.org/10.1145/585031.585034Huang, Q. X., Flöry, S., Gelfand, N., Hofer, M., & Pottmann, H. (2006). Reassembling fractured objects by geometric matching. ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, SIGGRAPH '06, (May), (pp. 569-578). https://doi.org/10.1145/1179352.1141925Igwe, P. C., & Knopf, G. K. (2006). 3D object reconstruction using geometric computing. Geometric Modeling and Imaging New Trends, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1109/GMAI.2006.1Kalasarinis, I., & Koutsoudis, A. (2019). Assisting pottery restoration procedures with digital technologies. International Journal of Computational Methods in Heritage Science, 3(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcmhs.2019010102Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2003). Profile-based Pottery Reconstruction. In IEEE Proceeding of Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Wisconsin, June, (pp. 1-6). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW.2003.10007Kampel, M, & Mara, H. (2005). Robust 3D reconstruction of archaeological pottery based on concentric circular rills. In Proceedings of the Sixth International. Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS'05), Montreux, Switzerland, (pp. 14-20). Retrieved from https://semanticscholar.org/43df/9b3c6fef5aa54964bdc4825a86cc4e9f4531Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2003). An automated pottery archival and reconstruction system. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 14(3), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1002/vis.310Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2004). 3D Puzzling of Archeological Fragments. In Proceedings of 9th Computer Vision Winter Workshop, (February), (pp. 31-40). Retrieved from https://cvl.tuwien.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/cvww041Karasik, A., & Smilansky, U. (2011). Computerized morphological classification of ceramics. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(10), 2644-2657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.023Kashihara, K. (2012). Three-dimensional reconstruction of artifacts based on a hybrid genetic algorithm. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, (pp. 900-905). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2012.6377842Kashihara, K. (2017). An intelligent computer assistance system for artifact restoration based on genetic algorithms with plane image features. International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications, 16(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1469026817500213Kleber, F., & Sablatnig, R. (2009). A survey of techniques for document and archaeology artifact reconstruction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR, (March 2014), (pp. 1061-1065). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.2009.154Kotoula, E. (2016). Semiautomatic fragments matching and virtual reconstruction: a case study on ceramics. International Journal of Conservation Science, 7(1), 71-86. Retrieved from http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/31035/Lucena, M., Martínez-Carrillo, A. L., Fuertes, J. M., Javier Carrascosa Malagón, F., & Ruiz Rodríguez, A. (2016). Decision support system for classifying archaeological pottery profiles based on mathematical morphology. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 75(7), 3677-3691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2063-6Maiza, C., & Gaildrat, V. (2005). Automatic classification of archaeological potsherds. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Artificial Intelligence, Limoges, France, May 11-12, 2005, (pp. 135-147). https://semanticscholar.org/3c95/82c3e562b44e7d61dc0fd3487ea3dc977ff3Mara, H., Kampel, M., & Sablatnig, R. (2002). Preprocessing of 3D-Data for Classification of Archaeological Fragments in an Automated System. In Proceedings of the 26th Workshop of the Austrian Association for Pattern Recognition, Vision with Non-Traditional Sensors, (ÖAGM/AAPR), Graz, Austria, 10-11 September 2002, (pp. 257-264). https://doi.org/10.1.1.15.748Mara, H., & Sablatnig, R. (2006). The orientation of fragments of rotationally symmetrical 3D-shapes for archaeological documentation. In Proceedings - Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission, 3DPVT 2006, (June), (pp. 1064-1071). https://doi.org/10.1109/3DPVT.2006.105Melero, F. J., Torres, J. C., & Leon, A. (2003). On the interactive 3d reconstruction of Iberian vessels. In 4th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology, and Intelligent Cultural Heritage, VAST, 3, (pp. 71-78). http://dx.doi.org/10.2312/VAST/VAST03/071-078Papaioannou, G., Karabassi, E. a., & Theoharis, T. (2000). Automatic Reconstruction of Archaeological Finds-A Graphics Approach. In International Conference on Computer Graphics and Artificial Intelligence, (March), (pp. 117-125). Retrieved from https://semanticscholar.org/6a3c/7ec8f544bbfb83174d868cd406eaaf40f438Papaioannou, G., Karabassi, E. A., & Theoharis, T. (2002). Reconstruction of three-dimensional objects through the matching of their parts. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(1), 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.982888Pulli, K. (1999). Multiview registration for large data sets. In Proceedings of Second International Conference on 3D Digital Imaging and Modeling, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 4-8 December 1999, (pp. 160-168). http://doi.org/10.1109/IM.1999.805346Rasheed, N. 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H., Nados, W. L., & Maaroof, M. K. A. (2017). Classification archaeological fragments into groups. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology, 14(9), 324-333. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.14.5072Sablatnig, R., & Menard, C. (1997). 3D Reconstruction of Archaeological Pottery using Profile Primitives. In Proceedings of I International Workshop on Synthetic-Natural Hybrid Coding and Three-Dimensional Imaging, (pp. 93-96).Sablatnig, R., Menard, C., & Kropatseh, W. (1998). Classification of archaeological fragments using a description language. In Proceedings of European Signal Processing Conference, (Eusipco '98), (pp. 1097-1100), 1998.Sakpere, W. (2019). 3D Reconstruction of Archaeological Pottery from Its Point Cloud. In Proceedings of Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, (pp. 125-136). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31332-6_11Shin, H., Doumas, C., Funkhouser, T., Rusinkiewicz, S., Steiglitz, K.,Vlachopoulos, & Weyrich, T. (2010). Analyzing Fracture Patterns in Theran Wall Paintings. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology - VAST, (pp. 71-78). https://doi.org/10.2312/VAST/VAST10/071-078Son, K., Almeida, E. B., & Cooper, D. B. (2013). Axially symmetric 3D pots configuration system using the axis of symmetry and break curve. In Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, (pp. 257-264). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2013.40Stamatopoulos, M. I., & Anagnostopoulos, C.-N. (2016). 3D digital reassembling of archaeological ceramic pottery fragments based on their thickness profile. The Computing Research Repository (CoRR). Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.05824Toler-Franklin, C., Funkhouser, T., Rusinkiewicz, S., Brown, B., & Weyrich, T. (2010). Multi-Feature Matching of Fresco Fragments. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 29(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1145/1882261.1866207Üçoluk, G., & Hakki Toroslu, I. (1999). 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Semiautomatic fragments matching and virtual reconstruction: a case study on ceramics

Artefacts' reconstruction is a fundamental part of conservation and one of the most common remedial conservation activities with great contribution to archaeological research. The manual procedure for fragments' matching is a painstaking, time- and space-consuming operation. As a result the development of working methodologies for digital refitting of fragments is of fundamental importance for archaeological research and conservation practice. This study presents a comparative analysis of manual and digital reconstruction, which has never been explored even if computer scientists have achieved many developments in the field of digital refitting. Results indicate the parallels between manual and digital processes in terms of durability, integrity and practicality. Also, in order to provide methodological directions to conservators, three different semi-automatic fragments matching approaches based on their effectiveness in managing the project and alignment of fragments were used A combined strategy, making use of different pieces of software, is recommended. In addition, the modelling techniques for digital restoration were described along with the uses of the virtually restored artefact. Faenza maiolica, black-glazed, Gnathian and coarse ware ceramics were used as case studies

Three-dimensional scanning as a means of archiving sculptures

Thesis (M. Tech. Design technology) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011This dissertation outlines a procedural scanning process using the portable ZCorporation ZScanner® 700 and provides an overview of the developments surrounding 3D scanning technologies; specifically their application for archiving Cultural Heritage sites and projects. The procedural scanning process is structured around the identification of 3D data recording variables applicable to the digital archiving of an art museum’s collection of sculptures. The outlining of a procedural 3D scanning environment supports the developing technology of 3D digital archiving in view of artefact preservation and interactive digital accessibility. Presented in this paper are several case studies that record 3D scanning variables such as texture, scale, surface detail, light and data conversion applicable to varied sculptural surfaces and form. Emphasis is placed on the procedural documentation and the anomalies associated with the physical object, equipment used, and the scanning environment. In support of the above, the Cultural Heritage projects that are analyzed prove that 3D portable scanning could provide digital longevity and access to previously inaccessible arenas for a diverse range of digital data archiving infrastructures. The development of 3D data acquisition via scanning, CAD modelling and 2D to 3D data file conversion technologies as well as the aesthetic effect and standards of digital archiving in terms of the artwork – viewer relationship and international practices or criterions of 3D digitizing are analysed. These projects indicate the significant use of optical 3D scanning techniques and their employ on renowned historical artefacts thus emphasizing their importance, safety and effectiveness. The aim with this research is to establish that the innovation and future implications of 3D scanning could be instrumental to future technological advancement in an interdisciplinary capacity to further data capture and processing in various Cultural Heritage diagnostic applications

Restitution of Sculptural Groups Using 3D Scanners

Imagine for a moment that you have to solve a 3D jigsaw of which you have lost several pieces. You have also lost the original box-top showing the final picture, and as if that were not enough, some of the pieces you do have may belong to some other jigsaw. This is in essence the sort of challenge that we faced in the novel project that we shall be describing in this paper. The final aim of the project was, with the help of 3D scanners, to digitalize and reconstruct multi-piece classical sculptures. Particularly, we tackle the restitution of the so-called “Aeneas Group”, a famous iconographic reference during the Roman Empire. We have undertaken this ambitious project in collaboration with the research department of the Spanish National Museum of Roman Art (MNAR). This paper summarizes the real problems that arose and had to be solved, the innovations, and the main results of the work that we have carried out over these recent years

Heritage Reproduction in the Age of High-Resolution Scanning:A Critical Evaluation of Digital Infilling Methods for Historic Preservation

High-definition digital scanning has established itself as a useful tool for documenting cultural heritage in the twenty-first century. Proponents of surveying technology are hailing the use of digital fact-based 3D models as valuable tools for recording, analyzing and safeguarding items of cultural importance. Methods for digitally filling holes have not yet been considered through the lens of historic preservation. No modeling technique is error-free and understanding how heritage professionals are addressing lacunae is vital for understanding digital heritage objects resulting from 3D scanning hardware. Frameworks exist for working with scanned data, but they define general principles for a broad range of applications and do not provide any guidelines or strategies of how to comply with them practically. This thesis is a comparative evaluation of current practices of in-filling digital lacunae that attempts to establish which methods are best suited to the following historic preservation practices: documentation, Interpretation graphics, Long-term monitoring, digital restoration, physical fabrication

Batch-based Model Registration for Fast 3D Sherd Reconstruction

3D reconstruction techniques have widely been used for digital documentation of archaeological fragments. However, efficient digital capture of fragments remains as a challenge. In this work, we aim to develop a portable, high-throughput, and accurate reconstruction system for efficient digitization of fragments excavated in archaeological sites. To realize high-throughput digitization of large numbers of objects, an effective strategy is to perform scanning and reconstruction in batches. However, effective batch-based scanning and reconstruction face two key challenges: 1) how to correlate partial scans of the same object from multiple batch scans, and 2) how to register and reconstruct complete models from partial scans that exhibit only small overlaps. To tackle these two challenges, we develop a new batch-based matching algorithm that pairs the front and back sides of the fragments, and a new Bilateral Boundary ICP algorithm that can register partial scans sharing very narrow overlapping regions. Extensive validation in labs and testing in excavation sites demonstrate that these designs enable efficient batch-based scanning for fragments. We show that such a batch-based scanning and reconstruction pipeline can have immediate applications on digitizing sherds in archaeological excavations. Our project page: https://jiepengwang.github.io/FIRES/.Comment: Project page: https://jiepengwang.github.io/FIRES

Innovative Techniques for Digitizing and Restoring Deteriorated Historical Documents

Recent large-scale document digitization initiatives have created new modes of access to modern library collections with the development of new hardware and software technologies. Most commonly, these digitization projects focus on accurately scanning bound texts, some reaching an efficiency of more than one million volumes per year. While vast digital collections are changing the way users access texts, current scanning paradigms can not handle many non-standard materials. Documentation forms such as manuscripts, scrolls, codices, deteriorated film, epigraphy, and rock art all hold a wealth of human knowledge in physical forms not accessible by standard book scanning technologies. This great omission motivates the development of new technology, presented by this thesis, that is not-only effective with deteriorated bound works, damaged manuscripts, and disintegrating photonegatives but also easily utilized by non-technical staff. First, a novel point light source calibration technique is presented that can be performed by library staff. Then, a photometric correction technique which uses known illumination and surface properties to remove shading distortions in deteriorated document images can be automatically applied. To complete the restoration process, a geometric correction is applied. Also unique to this work is the development of an image-based uncalibrated document scanner that utilizes the transmissivity of document substrates. This scanner extracts intrinsic document color information from one or both sides of a document. Simultaneously, the document shape is estimated to obtain distortion information. Lastly, this thesis provides a restoration framework for damaged photographic negatives that corrects photometric and geometric distortions. Current restoration techniques for the discussed form of negatives require physical manipulation to the photograph. The novel acquisition and restoration system presented here provides the first known solution to digitize and restore deteriorated photographic negatives without damaging the original negative in any way. This thesis work develops new methods of document scanning and restoration suitable for wide-scale deployment. By creating easy to access technologies, library staff can implement their own scanning initiatives and large-scale scanning projects can expand their current document-sets