Critical Success Factors of International Franchising: Case Studies of Foreign Franchisors in Asia

A multiple case study of four foreign franchisors was conducted in 2000 to study the critical success factors of international franchising in East Asia. The four franchisors were chosen because they possess different international franchising capabilities and are at varying levels of internationalisation. This study provides a useful insight into how a foreign franchisor should approach and compete successfully in East Asia. Firstly, the research provides a conceptual model, which displays the six key categories and success factors for international franchising in East Asia. The study has made a significant contribution in identifying two new categories that have mostly been neglected by researchers in international franchising. Secondly, the study reveals a unique form of master franchising that is being practiced in East Asia. Thirdly, the effective management of Asian partners is found to begin with recruiting the right partners with the desired characteristics and subsequently developing a long-term mutually beneficial working relationship with the partners. Finally, successful franchisors were found to believe strongly in the power of branding and niche marketing in East Asia

From Cahokia to Larson to Moundville: Death, World Renewal, and the Sacred in the Mississippian Social World of the Late Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands

https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_newfound-ebooks/1001/thumbnail.jp

Identification of the influential factors of foreign direct investment in the Indian manufacturing sector

There are many factors that may influence Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in a certain country. The study identifies the influential factors of foreign direct investments with an emphasis on foreign multinational companies in the manufacturing sector of India. It is believed that the growing need for FDI in the global economy is what derives the interest of both foreign investors and host countries in engaging in FDI. In the globalized world economy of the twenty-first century, the world market for foreign investments has become more competitive. FDI is welcomed by countries, especially developing ones. FDI can be an effective contributor not only to economic growth, but it is also important to management skills, technology transfers and a higher standard of living. Therefore, developing countries have made considerable efforts over the past decade to improve their investment climate by offering a wide range of investment incentives. The research highlights incentives attracting foreign investments and discusses the benefits gained from it. The first stage of the thesis is to outline the objectives of the study, with a review of literature relevant to the subject. The second stage is to collect data needed for the research. Finally, the results and discussion are presented together with some recommendations for further research. It is hoped that the outcomes of this research will provide some guidelines that will enable India to become a better place for conducting businesses and a favourable destination for foreign investments

Fast-Food Restaurant Industry: A Cleveland Perspective 1930-2016

This writing will focus on some the major fast-food establishments that served Greater Cleveland and how they evolved over time. Emphasizes will also be placed on some of the smaller as well as larger restaurants. To lend additional clarity, this study will investigate some leading national chains whose innovations within the industry set the pace for current development.https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/msl_ae_ebooks/1001/thumbnail.jp

The Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints

[Excerpt] This is the seventh update of The Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints. Since the first of these studies was published nearly 20 years ago, U.S. tariff rates have fallen, nontariff measures on imports have been removed, and trade has expanded markedly. This period has also seen increasing U.S. integration into global supply chains, the subject of a special topic in this report. The United States is one of the world’s most open economies. In 2010, the average U.S. tariff on all goods remained near its historic low of 1.3 percent, on an import-weighted basis, essentially unchanged from the previous update in 2009. Nonetheless, significant restraints on trade remain in certain sectors. The U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission) estimates that U.S. economic welfare, as defined by total public and private consumption, would increase by about $2.6 billion annually by 2015 if the United States unilaterally ended (“liberalized”) all significant restraints quantified in this report. Exports would expand by$9.0 billion and imports by $11.5 billion. These changes would result from removing import barriers in the following sectors: sugar, ethanol, canned tuna, dairy products, tobacco, textiles and apparel, and other high-tariff manufacturing sectors. As in previous updates, the simulations presented in this report measure the effects of unilateral liberalization of U.S. import restraints (i.e., the simulations assume that U.S. trading partners do not engage in any reciprocal liberalization). However, the effects on the U.S. economy can differ significantly when both the United States and its trading partners engage in reciprocal liberalization

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China has become one of the most popular foreign direct investment (FDI) destinations since 1980s, and its automotive industry always an attractive playing field for the global automakers. As there was a gap in the passenger car market in before the 1980s, all the domestic manufacturers mainly at that time only produced trucks and buses for transportation, tractors for agriculture, and jeeps for military. Thus, the entry seems very necessary to supply this gap in the market; the early entry will help them to win the first move advantage. For European and U.S. automakers, the entry into China has become part of their global strategy. They strive to build up a business base in the Far East that will limit the dominance of Japanese firms. From a global strategy point of view, the step of entry into China seems very necessary; however, Chinas unstable institutional environment and different kinds of regulation limit the speed of entry. What the Chinese government wants to achieve through publishing the regulations to foreign funds, is to foster its own automotive industry and is not interested in turning China into an expansion base for European, American and Japanese auto industries. Simply, the government does not want to lose the control on this pillar industry while it opens to the world. Till the mid-1990s, the auto industry was still highly protected in China; high tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, screening, foreign equity limits and local content requirements are several common obstacles to the entry of foreigners. In the past, many researchers have studied the policies in Chinas automotive industry, but most of them mainly focus on two questions: 6 how does the protection environment in the auto industry affect the utility of domestic consumer by limiting their access to the cheaper import car?; and, how does the protected environment limit the development of the industry? Most of articles argued that the policy environment in China provides too much protection and is not good for the growth of domestic manufacturers. However, there are few studies focused on the foreign perspective; this paper would change the angle from the domestic side to foreign side. This paper looks to explore the link between policy regulations and entry model selection. In order to analyse this link, two famous joint ventures in the China automotive industry has been selected for study, the Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot. In the case, three dimensions about the entry strategy of these two companies will be analyzed. Finally, this paper is going to answer the question of whether the regulation is the main factor affect foreigners entry model selection and whether the limited availability of the entry model would be the important factor that affects the performance of joint ventures. In this paper, there are four main sections: Literature review, Methodology, Research analysis, and Conclusion. In the literature review section (Chapter 2), all the related theories and models about the entry model selection and entry strategies will be presented. The methodology (Chapter 3) will explain the research method of this research applied, the way to access the data, and the limitation of this research as well. Research analysis is a large section. All economic factors and regulations related to how foreign funds get in Chinas automotive industry will be analyzed in Chapter 4. The case studies of Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot will be shown in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 respectively; the three dimensions of entry strategy of each joint venture: partner selection, control over alliance, 7 and conflict management will be fully analyzed here. Finally, this paper is going to present some implications through the comparison of Shanghai Volkswagen and Guangzhou Peugeot cases, and end with a conclusion: Regulation and Policy, in some degree, limit the number of available entry model choices to the foreigner, but any limitation on the entry model selection should not fully be responsible to the performance of the foreign funds in this industry. By implementing and designing a right entry strategy based on the assumption of limit entry model choice, the foreign funds can still perform very well

The Implementation of the Gats and its impact upon tourism development.

The research is aimed to examine the implementation of the GATS and its impact upon tourism development, particularly in Korea. The GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) agreement has been implemented in order to liberalise World Trade in services. In this respect, the research examines the performance of GATT to see how successful GATT has been in securing and fostering world trade in manufacturing industry and then moves on to examine the implementation of GATS and, by drawing upon findings from other trading agreements (such as the NAFTA and EU) estimate the likely impacts that such agreements will have on tourism services and the manner in which they are delivered. The GATS agreement is a long-term undertaking in which major trading countries are likely to become members. GATS sets up a legal and operational framework for the liberalisation of international trade in tourism as well as other services. The principle of GATS is the liberalisation of exchange of services and it is adapted from the GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade). The GATS has been established as part of the multilateral trade negotiations and introduced new rules for services to complete overhaul of the GATT trade system. The rapid growth of tourism is the product of liberalisation which has been the hallmark of economic policy throughout the world, during the past decade. The UNCTAD report (1999) states that both globalisation and liberalisation have increased the potential for international trade in goods and services to become an unprecedented engine of growth and an important mechanism for integrating countries into the global economy. However, the GATS has many implications for tourism, particularly for tourism policymakers since it covers many different areas and sectors in tourism. Unlike other services, tourism is not a specific type of service, but a mixture of different services consumed by tourists. Therefore, it is essential to understand the rules and the principles of GATS as applied to tourism sectors in international trade. The overall aims of the study are: 1. To examine the factors that influence world trade in goods and services. 2. To examine the influences that GATS is likely to have on the scope and magnitude of world trade in services. 3. To determine how GATS impacts on tourism development in developing countries and act as a catalyst to enhance the development of developing countries. 4. To examine what are the likely effects. of GATS upon tourism development and delivery in Korea. Since one of the research objectives is to examine what is the likely effect of GATS upon tourism development and delivery in Korea, the case study was a useful technique. In particular, the case study seemed an appropriate strategy to answer the research question because the research area is relatively new. Therefore, descriptive research design was adopted for this particular study. Moreover, the research adopted an explanatory research design, in order to investigate relationships by giving answers to problems and hypotheses. Through explanatory research, this study seeks to explore aspects of tourism development as a result of liberalisation and globalisation in Korea. In particular, this study investigates specified areas such as: how will GATS help future tourism development in Korea? Why are there different perceptions of GATS between the private and public sector? How do government policies and regulations affect future tourism development? by using interviews and questionnaires. For this study, the semi-structured interviews were used and questionnaires were designed to gather information about the impacts of GATS on tourism development in Korea before conducting the survey, but it failed to obtain the necessary information. It is hoped that these findings enhance an understanding of the role of international trade in services particularly tourism industry, which may assist national and international tourism policy makers to consider the complexities and difficulties of understanding the rules of multilateral trade agreements (such as GATS) not only to develop tourism but also to develop other service sectors, especially in developing countries

Globalisation of production and markets.

Internationale Arbeitsteilung; Direktinvestition; Internationale Unternehmenskooperation; Industriegüteraußenhandel; Internationaler Wettbewerb; Welt; EU-Staaten; USA; Japan;

Surgimiento de actividades de exportación exitosas en Uruguay: cuatro casos específicos

En este trabajo se presenta el análisis de cuatro casos específicos de surgimiento de cuatro actividades de exportación exitosas de Uruguay: software de computación, productos madereros, caviar y carne de esturión, y vacunas para animales. En cada uno de esos casos específicos se trata cómo empresas, asociaciones y varios gobiernos a varios niveles han manejado crisis de mercado y facilitado el suministro de los bienes públicos necesarios para cada actividad. El análisis de estos casos específicos presenta además una descripción de las características de los actores principales en cada ramo de actividad así como las externalidades positivas que brindan a los emuladores, especialmente la difusión de conocimientos sobre exportación. También se presenta en cada área un caso opuesto de actividad menos exitosa (electrónica, vino, carne de rana y biotecnología, respectivamente) así como una sección sobre implicaciones de políticas.Agriculture, Exports, Manufacturing, Services, Uruguay

The Emergence of new Successful Export Activities in Uruguay

El proyecto “El surgimiento de nuevas actividades exportadoras exitosas en América Latina” busca identificar los elementos claves en el proceso de descubrimiento de nuevas oportunidades de exportación en diferentes países de la región, con el objetivo de proponer políticas y reformas que permitan aumentar el ritmo de descubrimientos, en particular teniendo en cuenta la importancia relativa de diversas fallas de mercado. El enfoque general del estudio puede resumirse en que “los mercados se desempeñan bien al brindar señales de la rentabilidad de actividades que ya existen, pero su desempeño es pobre cuando se trata de actividades que podrían existir pero no existen. Aun si estas actividades no son nuevas en el sentido de que están presentes en economías más ricas, los productores se ven enfrentados a una considerable incertidumbre respecto a los costos y la productividad bajo las condiciones del mercado local. Introducirse en estos nuevos sectores típicamente requiere un inversor pionero, que indica a otros la rentabilidad de dichas actividades. Llamamos a este proceso de descubrir la estructura de costos interna de la economía auto-descubrimiento” (Hausmann y Rodrik, 2003). “En el proceso de auto-descubrimiento abundan las externalidades de información, debido a que la información de costos descubierta por un empresario no puede conservarse en forma privada. Si la empresa pionera resulta rentable, esto es fácilmente observable por otros. Los imitadores entran entonces en la actividad, la renta del productor establecido se disipa y se establece un nuevo sector. Si, por el contrario, el pionero quiebra, las pérdidas son soportadas en su totalidad por el empresario. En consecuencia, la actividad empresarial de esta naturaleza no es una actividad con alta recompensa: las pérdidas son privadas mientras las ganancias se socializan. Por tanto, los mercados no proporcionan suficiente actividad empresarial en actividades nuevas” (Hausmann, Rodríguez-Clare y Rodrik, 2006). El estudio realizado para Uruguay consistió en analizar cuatro actividades exportadoras nuevas para el país, en el contexto del marco teórico propuesto por el BID y siguiendo la metodología común establecida para todos los casos incluidos en el proyecto regional. Asimismo, en el marco de este estudio se construyó una base de datos armonizada de las exportaciones uruguayas de bienes a nivel de producto y empresa, que permite analizar la actividad exportadora a nivel de empresa, producto y mercado de destino en las últimas dos décadas. La disponibilidad de series de tiempo consistentes permitió superar las limitaciones de información que provocaban en las estadísticas los cambios introducidos en la clasificación de productos en cuatro oportunidades (1985, 1993, 1997, 2002). Este estudio busca una mejor comprensión de estos problemas en el caso de Uruguay, presentando, en primer término, una visión de conjunto del desempeño exportador de Uruguay y su política comercial, y un análisis de la actividad exportadora a nivel de firma. En segundo lugar se analizan en profundidad cuatro sectores: software, forestal, caviar y esturión, y vacunas de origen animal a partir de los cuales se extraen lecciones de políticas públicas.exportaciones, fallas de mercado, fallas de coordinación, proceso de auto-descubrimiento, software, sector forestal, vacunas de origen animal, caviar y esturión