Design and Assessment of an Electric Vehicle Powertrain Model Based on Real-World Driving and Charging Cycles

In this paper, an advanced analytical model for an electric vehicle (EV) powertrain has been developed to illustrate the vehicular dynamics by combining electrical and mechanical models in the analysis. This study is based on a Nissan Leaf EV. In the electrical system, the powertrain has various components including a battery pack, a battery management system, a dc/dc converter, a dc/ac inverter, a permanent magnet synchronous motor, and a control system. In the mechanical system, it consists of power transmissions, axial shaft, and vehicle wheels. Furthermore, the driving performance of the Nissan Leaf is studied through the real-world driving tests and simulation tests in MATLAB/Simulink. In the analytical model, the vehicular dynamics is evaluated against changes in the vehicle velocity and acceleration, state of charge of the battery, and the motor power. Finally, a number of EVs involved in the power dispatch is studied. The greenhouse gas emissions of the EV are analyzed according to various energy power and driving features, and compared with the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. In this case, Nissan Leaf is a pure EV. For a given drive cycle, Nissan Leaf can reduce CO2 emissions by 70%, depending on the way electricity is generated and duty cycles

Analysis and Design Optimization of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for a Campus Patrol Electric Vehicle

© 1967-2012 IEEE. This work presents the analysis, design and optimization of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for an electric vehicle (EV) used for campus patrol with a specific drive cycle. Firstly, based on the collected data like the parameters and speed from a test EV on the campus road, the dynamic calculation of the EV is conducted to decide the rated power and speed range of the drive PMSM. Secondly, according to these requirements, an initial design and some basic design parameters are obtained. Thirdly, optimization process is implemented to improve the performance of the designed PMSM. The permanent magnet (PM) structure, airgap length and stator core geometry are optimized respectively in this step. Different optimization processes are proposed to meet multiple optimization objectives simultaneously. Based on the finite element analysis (FEA) method, it is found that the harmonic of the optimized PMSM is lower than that of the initial design, and the torque ripple is reduced by 24%. The effectiveness of optimization on the core loss and PM eddy loss is validated and the temperature rise is suppressed effectively. Finally, a prototype is fabricated for the optimized PMSM and an experimental platform is developed. The test results verify that the optimized PMSM meets the requirements of the specific campus patrol EV well

The Strategies of EV Charge/Discharge Management in Smart Grid Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Networks

Electric vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of the revolutionized eco-friendly invention in the transportation industry. With automated metering infrastructure (AMI) communications in houses, smart EV charging stations, and smart building management systems in smart grid-oriented power system, EVs are expected to contribute substantially in overall energy planning and management both in the grid and the customer premises. This chapter investigates and provides an in-depth analysis on the charge/discharge management of EV in vehicle to home (V2H), vehicle to drive (V2D), vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to grid (V2G), vehicle-to-building (V2B), and grid to vehicle (G2V). The planning and control of energy exchange of EV is the main focus considering EV availability in multiple places during the daytime and in the evening. Indisputably, EV participating in V2G or V2H affects the state of charge (SOC) of EV battery, and therefore proper scheduled charge/discharge plan needs to be embraced. The structures of EV in various operation modes and approaches are presented for implementing the energy planning and charge/discharge management of EV in different operation modes. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed charge/discharge management strategy and regulation of EV SOC in accordance with the energy management plan of EV owner

Single-Phase Charging of Six-Phase Integrated On-Board Battery Charger using Predictive Current Control

This work was achieved by the financial support of ITIDAs ITAC collaborative funded project under the category type of advanced research projects (ARP) and Grant Number ARP2020.R29.7.This work was achieved by the financial support of ITIDAs ITAC collaborative funded project under the category type of advanced research projects (ARP) and Grant Number ARP2020.R29.7.Integrated On-Board Battery Chargers (IOBCs) have shown promise as an elegant charging solution for electric vehicles in recent literature. Although the three-phase charging technique of IOBCs has extensively been discussed in the literature, single-phase charging is still a challenging research topic. The Predictive Current Control (PCC) approach has shown many benefits, including a straightforward algorithm, simple implementation, comparatively quick response, and appropriate performance, when compared to conventional control techniques. This paper investigates the impact of single-phase charging of a six-phase-based IOBC system with different winding configurations using PCC, which, up to the best authors’ knowledge, has not been conceived thus far. Under single-phase charging, the zero-sequence current component is utilized to ensure zero torque production during charging mode. Since the impedance of the zero subspace is highly affected by the employed winding design, the performance of PCC with different winding layouts of either induction machine (IM) or permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is investigated and compared. The proposed method is experimentally validated using a 1.1kW six-phase IM and a 2 kW 12-slot/10-pole PMSM. Finite Element analysis is also carried out to investigate the effect of single-phase charging mode on the induced radial forces and vibration level when PM machine is employed

E-Mobility -- Advancements and Challenges

Mobile platforms cover a broad range of applications from small portable electric devices, drones, and robots to electric transportation, which influence the quality of modern life. The end-to-end energy systems of these platforms are moving toward more electrification. Despite their wide range of power ratings and diverse applications, the electrification of these systems shares several technical requirements. Electrified mobile energy systems have minimal or no access to the power grid, and thus, to achieve long operating time, ultrafast charging or charging during motion as well as advanced battery technologies are needed. Mobile platforms are space-, shape-, and weight-constrained, and therefore, their onboard energy technologies such as the power electronic converters and magnetic components must be compact and lightweight. These systems should also demonstrate improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional designs. This paper discusses some technical challenges that the industry currently faces moving toward more electrification of energy conversion systems in mobile platforms, herein referred to as E-Mobility, and reviews the recent advancements reported in literature

Optimal Speed Control of Electric Vehicles in Traffic with Wireless Charging

With the increase in electric vehicle use in recent years and expected increase in the future, a wireless network provides a possible option to allow vehicles with a route while maintaining an approximate net-zero energy balance under certain scenarios. In this type of network, a collection of wireless charging pads is installed under the road, and energy transfer occurs, while a vehicle with wireless charging capability is driven over the charging pads. This thesis describes a methodology and modeling to solve an optimization problem involving a speed-controlled vehicle in traffic. The methodology incorporates a receding horizon dynamic model with constraints. Suboptimal results are described under multiple traffic scenarios. Several scenarios are explored while the vehicle under constrain (controlled vehicle) is dynamic, its charging behavior with being the only vehicle on the route and while the vehicle is following the route while other vehicles present on the route and the controlled vehicle is following the traffic. Besides, describe the methodology for dynamic charging and the optimal charge station for the current charging rate. This model of predictive control can be adopted in real-time given certain information is available for the controlled vehicle and traffic conditions

Impacto da integração de veículos elétricos em redes de baixa tensão

A necessidade de redução de emissão de gases de efeito de estufa na atmosfera, requer recursos sustentáveis, pelo que a aposta em veículos elétricos tende a ser uma ótima solução para o meio ambiente. Contudo, a utilização em massa deste tipo de veículos poderá causar grandes impactos nas redes elétricas. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação apresenta um estudo e análise do comportamento de uma rede de baixa tensão com veículos elétricos integrados. Começa por apresentar-se uma perspetiva geral de quais são as causas e efeitos quando se conetam veículos elétricos à rede elétrica, tendo em consideração os níveis de carregamento, modos de carregamento e normas. Através deste estudo, será possível verificar que o impacto na rede por esta adoção maciça coloca em causa as atuais infraestruturas, e mesmo as futuras. Assim, apresenta-se uma estratégia baseada em soluções de armazenamento de energia, de modo a minimizar este impacto. Os diversos estudos serão suportados por simulações realizadas pelo programa matlab.The need to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere requires sustainable resources, so the bet on electric vehicles tends to be a great solution for the environment. However, the mass use of these types of vehicles can have major impacts on the electrical networks. In this context, the following dissertation presents a study and analysis of the behavior of a low-voltage network with integrated electric vehicles. It begins by presenting an overview of what are the causes and effects when connecting electric vehicles to the electrical network, taking into account the charging levels, charging modes and standards. Through this study, it will be possible to verify that the impact on the network by this massive adoption calls into question the current infrastructures, and even future ones. Thus, in order to minimize this impact, a strategy based on energy storage solutions is presented. The various studies will be supported by simulations carried out by the matlab program

Non-Integrated and Integrated On-Board Battery Chargers (iOBCs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) : A Critical Review

The rising Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions stemming from the extensive use of automobiles across the globe represent a critical environmental challenge, contributing significantly to phenomena such as global warming and the deterioration of air quality. To address these challenges, there is a critical need for research and development in electric vehicles (EVs) and their associated charging infrastructure, including off-board and on-board chargers (OBCs). This paper aims to bridge the gaps in existing review literature by offering a comprehensive review of both integrated and non-integrated OBCs for EVs, based on the authors’ knowledge at the time of writing. The paper begins by outlining trends in the EV market, including voltage levels, power ratings, and relevant standards. It then provides a detailed analysis of two-level and multi-level power converter topologies, covering AC-DC power factor correction (PFC) and isolated DC-DC topologies. Subsequently, it discusses single-stage and two-stage non-integrated OBC solutions. Additionally, various categories of integrated OBCs (iOBCs) are explored, accompanied by relevant examples. The paper also includes comparison tables containing technical specifications and key characteristics for reference and analysis

Propulsion-Machine-Integrated Universal Onboard Chargers for Electric Vehicles

Onboard level-1 and level-2 battery chargers are widely utilized in electric vehicles (EVs) for home overnight or office daytime charging. However, onboard level-1 and level-2 chargers suffer from power limitations and long charging time. On the other hand, high-power off-board chargers are utilized for fast charging, but they are bulky, expensive and require comprehensive evolution of charging infrastructures. Onboard chargers integrated with the propulsion systems of EVs provide a promising solution for fast charging of EV battery packs without contributing to additional weight and burden on the vehicle. This dissertation presents integrated charging systems, using the propulsion machine and its inverter for onboard battery charging. The proposed integrated onboard chargers do not need any modification of the propulsion systems to implement onboard battery charging. The integrated charging approaches are highly practical and applicable for commercial EVs in market. Initially, a single-phase propulsion-machine-integrated onboard charger is introduced and developed, which is capable of power factor correction (PFC) and battery voltage/current regulation without any bulky add-on passive components. The machine windings are utilized as mutually coupled inductors for PFC, and the inverter along with the machine windings constructs a two-channel interleaved boost converter. The input current ripple cancellation effect of the interleaved circuit is analyzed in detail, and the operation principles of the charging systems are presented. The feasibility of the single-phase integrated charger is proved by experimental results. Then, two approaches for three-phase propulsion-machine-integrated onboard charging are introduced and investigated. In the first approach, the charger topology is composed of a three-phase six-switch power electronics interface and the propulsion system. The proposed interface, mainly consisting of semiconductors, has small size and high power density, enabling onboard installment. The detailed operation modes of the topology are presented. In addition, the control-oriented modeling of the charging system is conducted, and a control system is designed to enable both the unity PFC and the battery voltage/current regulation. A 3.3kW prototype is designed, developed and tested for the validation of the proposed concept. The second approach is based on a three-phase three-switch power electronics interface, which is intended to be an even smaller interface. The power density of the three-switch interface increases by 40% in comparison to the first approach. The modeling and control strategy of the charging system are investigated and presented. A 5kW prototype is designed and built to validate the charging system and its control strategy