ボンガード不良設定問題の解導出と等価な最小論理集合を再構成する述語論理アーキテクチャに関する研究

Human intelligence relying on brain information processing has two aspects of implicit memory and explicit memory functions. A possible hypothesis is that human intelligence is a consequence of the fusion of those two aspects, and then a question is addressed as to how the flexibility of making a frame of thinking depending on the context is reconstructed by the fusion. In the assumption that an autonomous classifier provides primitive labels indicating parts in a picture and a generalizer to represent the whole in an abstract way, the problem that remains unsolved is how semantic information can be coordinated to reach a conclusion to connect parts and the whole. Bongard problems question such an issue in the form of logical picture puzzles to request to seek the unique minimum description of pictures to discriminate two groups, throughout abductive reasoning. Bongard Problems (BPs) are a set of 100 visual puzzles introduced by M. M. Bongard in the mid-1960s. BPs have been established as benchmark puzzles for understanding the human context-based learning abilities to solve ill-posed problems. The puzzle requires the logical explanation as to the answer to distinguish two classes of figures from redundant options, which can be obtained by a thinking process to alternatively change the target frame (hierarchical level of analogy) of thinking from a wide range concept networks as D. R. Hofstadter suggested. Some minor research results to solve a limited set of BPs have reported based a single architecture accompanied with probabilistic approaches; however the central problem on BP’s difficulties is the requirement of flexible changes of the target frame; therefore non-hierarchical cluster analyses do not provide the essential solution, and hierarchical probabilistic models need to include unnecessary levels for learning from the beginning to prevent a prompt decision making. Only possible combinations of primitive descriptions like ‘circle in a triangle’ are arisen as a test hypothesis to represent them commonly, and then it is verified whether it matches all pictures totally in each group. The tested hypotheses from two groups are compared, and it will be the solution if there are logically different, such as ‘circle in a triangle’ v.s. ‘triangle in a circle.’ We hypothesized that the logical reasoning process with limited numbers of metadata descriptions realizes the sophisticated and prompt decision-making, and the performance is validated by using BPs. In this study, a semantic web-based hierarchical model to solve BPs was proposed as the minimum and transparent system to mimic the human-logical inference process in solving of BPs by using the Description Logic (DL) with assertions on concepts (TBox) and individuals (ABox). Our computer experiment showed that 65 Bongard problems were solved in the proposed framework. It indicates that the semantic information coordinator works well to solve a type of frame problem by coupling with an autonomous classifier and generalizer. The framework may contribute to the design of the general artificial intelligence in part, especially on coordination against autonomy in semantics. In summary, this thesis helps to pave the practical approach of understanding ill-posed problems and working towards solving them using ontologies. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the semantic network and description logic, and then the common principle is expected to be formulated, and the principle explains why the semantics and logic work well to solve the BPs to avoid an infinite time for the calculation. Our results demonstrated that the proposed model not only provided individual solutions as a BP solver but also proved the correctness of Hofstadter’s idea as the flexible frame with concept networks for BPs in our actual implementation, which no one has ever achieved. This in fact will open the new horizon for theories for designing logical reasoning systems, especially for critical judgments and serious decision-making as expert humans do in a transparent and descriptive way of why they judged so.九州工業大学博士学位論文 学位記番号：生工博甲第374号 学位授与年月日：令和2年3月25日1 Introduction|2 Semantic Web Technology|3 An RDF Based Knowledge Representation Towards Solving BP #39|4 A Semantic Web-based Representation of Human-logical Inference for Solving Bongard Problems|5 Solving BP with Dependent Properties|6 Discussion and Conclusion九州工業大学令和元年

Applying the Free-Energy Principle to Complex Adaptive Systems

The free energy principle is a mathematical theory of the behaviour of self-organising systems that originally gained prominence as a unified model of the brain. Since then, the theory has been applied to a plethora of biological phenomena, extending from single-celled and multicellular organisms through to niche construction and human culture, and even the emergence of life itself. The free energy principle tells us that perception and action operate synergistically to minimize an organism’s exposure to surprising biological states, which are more likely to lead to decay. A key corollary of this hypothesis is active inference—the idea that all behavior involves the selective sampling of sensory data so that we experience what we expect to (in order to avoid surprises). Simply put, we act upon the world to fulfill our expectations. It is now widely recognized that the implications of the free energy principle for our understanding of the human mind and behavior are far-reaching and profound. To date, however, its capacity to extend beyond our brain—to more generally explain living and other complex adaptive systems—has only just begun to be explored. The aim of this collection is to showcase the breadth of the free energy principle as a unified theory of complex adaptive systems—conscious, social, living, or not

Evolutionary Computation

This book presents several recent advances on Evolutionary Computation, specially evolution-based optimization methods and hybrid algorithms for several applications, from optimization and learning to pattern recognition and bioinformatics. This book also presents new algorithms based on several analogies and metafores, where one of them is based on philosophy, specifically on the philosophy of praxis and dialectics. In this book it is also presented interesting applications on bioinformatics, specially the use of particle swarms to discover gene expression patterns in DNA microarrays. Therefore, this book features representative work on the field of evolutionary computation and applied sciences. The intended audience is graduate, undergraduate, researchers, and anyone who wishes to become familiar with the latest research work on this field

The student-produced electronic portfolio in craft education

The authors studied primary school students’ experiences of using an electronic portfolio in their craft education over four years. A stimulated recall interview was applied to collect user experiences and qualitative content analysis to analyse the collected data. The results indicate that the electronic portfolio was experienced as a multipurpose tool to support learning. It makes the learning process visible and in that way helps focus on and improves the quality of learning. © ISLS.Peer reviewe

A complex systems approach to education in Switzerland

The insights gained from the study of complex systems in biological, social, and engineered systems enables us not only to observe and understand, but also to actively design systems which will be capable of successfully coping with complex and dynamically changing situations. The methods and mindset required for this approach have been applied to educational systems with their diverse levels of scale and complexity. Based on the general case made by Yaneer Bar-Yam, this paper applies the complex systems approach to the educational system in Switzerland. It confirms that the complex systems approach is valid. Indeed, many recommendations made for the general case have already been implemented in the Swiss education system. To address existing problems and difficulties, further steps are recommended. This paper contributes to the further establishment complex systems approach by shedding light on an area which concerns us all, which is a frequent topic of discussion and dispute among politicians and the public, where billions of dollars have been spent without achieving the desired results, and where it is difficult to directly derive consequences from actions taken. The analysis of the education system's different levels, their complexity and scale will clarify how such a dynamic system should be approached, and how it can be guided towards the desired performance

Cyberterrorism: A postmodern view of networks of terror and how computer security experts and law enforcement officials fight them.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how cyberterrorists create networks in order to engage in malicious activities against the Internet and computers. The purpose of the study is also to understand how computer security labs (i.e., in universities) and various agencies (that is, law enforcement agencies such as police departments and the FBI) create joint networks in their fight against cyberterrorists. This idea of analyzing the social networks of two opposing sides rests on the premise that it takes networks to fight networks. The ultimate goal is to show that, because of the postmodern nature of the Internet, the fight between networks of cyberterrorists and networks of computer security experts (and law enforcement officials) is a postmodern fight. Two theories are used in this study: social network theory and game theory.This study employed qualitative methodology and data were collected via in-depth conversational (face-to-face) interviewing. Twenty-seven computer security experts and law enforcement officials were interviewed. Overall, this study found that cyberterrorists tend not to work alone. Rather, they team up with others through social networks. It was also found that it takes networks to fight networks. As such, it is necessary for experts and officials to combine efforts, through networking, in order to combat, let alone understand, cyberterrorist networks. Of equal relevance is the fact that law enforcement agents and computer security experts do not always engage in battle with cyberterrorists. They sometimes try to interact with them in order to obtain more information about their networks (and vice versa). Finally, four themes were identified from the participants' accounts: (1) postmodern state of chaos, (2) social engineering, (3) know thy enemy, and (4) the enemy of my enemy is my friend

Three Risky Decades: A Time for Econophysics?

Our Special Issue we publish at a turning point, which we have not dealt with since World War II. The interconnected long-term global shocks such as the coronavirus pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and catastrophic climate change have imposed significant humanitary, socio-economic, political, and environmental restrictions on the globalization process and all aspects of economic and social life including the existence of individual people. The planet is trapped—the current situation seems to be the prelude to an apocalypse whose long-term effects we will have for decades. Therefore, it urgently requires a concept of the planet's survival to be built—only on this basis can the conditions for its development be created. The Special Issue gives evidence of the state of econophysics before the current situation. Therefore, it can provide excellent econophysics or an inter-and cross-disciplinary starting point of a rational approach to a new era

III Congreso EuroSoTL: Explorando nuevos campos a través de un enfoque académico de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, 13-14 de junio de 2019, Bilbao, País Vasco

1185 p.EuroSoTL, el Congreso Europeo de Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, o Enfoque académico de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, está organizado en colaboración con el grupo europeo de la International Society for Scholarship of Teaching and Learning -ISSOTL- y la Red Estatatal de Docencia Universitaria -RED-U-. El congreso se celebró en el Bizkaia Aretoa de Bilbao (País Vasco) los días 13 y 14 de junio de 2019. Las personas participantes pudieron discutir e intercambiar experiencias en nuevas temáticas sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje en Educación Superior Tras dos celebraciones anteriores en Cork, Irlanda (2015) y Lund, Suecia (2017) este nuevo congreso ha permitido abrir una ventana para que el Enfoque académico de la Docencia y el Aprendizaje (SoTL) comience a ser conocido, tanto en el Estado español como en Latinoamérica, y que las comunidades científicas que trabajan en la innovación educativa de la Educación Superior encuentren un nuevo punto de conexión y encuentro