Uso y Aplicaciones de la Integración Entre Computación Cuantica y Blockchain: Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria

Las tecnologías Blockchain en conjunto con la computación cuántica es un nuevo campo de investigación, el cual enfoca sus esfuerzos en la identificación y mitigación de los problemas que traerá consigo la madurez y adopción de las técnicas propias de la computación cuántica, al consultar publicaciones científicas sobre estos temas, específicamente en la base de datos Scopus se puede identificar que desde hace 30 años se realizan investigaciones sobre computación cuántica, teniendo un crecimiento en la última década y un mayor interés en los últimos tres años, por otra parte casi tres lustros después aparecen las publicaciones relacionadas con Blockchain  presentando un lento interés en sus inicios en contraste con su gran interés en los últimos 3 años. Además, los resultados de la consulta en esta base de datos de las dos temáticas en conjunto reflejan que solo desde el año 2018 se presentan publicaciones científicas, particularmente para el año 2019 Computación Cuántica presenta 833 publicaciones, Blockchain 3760 y estas dos temáticas en conjunto solo 5 publicaciones, lo que presenta un 0,60% y 0,13%, respecto a cada tema por separado respectivamente. Este documento presenta una revisión sistemática exploratoria (Scoping Review) de la bibliografía relacionada el estudio de la computación cuántica junto con la tecnología Blockchain con el objetivo de identificar sus áreas de estudio, aplicación y tecnologías complementarias

The Effect of Incentive Hierarchy System of Social Media In the Delivery of Quality Information

This paper investigates the effect of social media incentive hierarchy system on the quality of the shared information and the spillover effect using data from 67 cryptocurrency markets along with the corresponding social media discussions. We show empirical evidence that high-rank social media users displaying high-level badges earned from the social media tend to provide low-quality information due to reduced incentives after obtaining the badge and increased tendency to engage in less informative socialization activities. In contrast, low-rank social media users with low-level badges tend to provide high-quality information. However, messages shared by high-rank social media users spill over to other cryptocurrency markets more easily because of higher visibility in the online community

Demystifying Quantum Blockchain for Healthcare

The application of blockchain technology can be beneficial in the field of healthcare as well as in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic. In this work, the importance of blockchain is analyzed and it is observed that blockchain technology and the processes associated with it will be utilised in the healthcare systems of the future for data acquisition from sensors, automatic patient monitoring, and secure data storage. This technology substantially simplifies the process of carrying out operations because it can store a substantial quantity of data in a dispersed and secure manner, as well as enable access whenever and wherever it is required to do so. With the assistance of quantum blockchain, the benefits of quantum computing, such as the capability to acquire thermal imaging based on quantum computing and the speed with which patients may be located and monitored, can all be exploited to their full potential. Quantum blockchain is another tool that can be utilised to maintain the confidentiality, authenticity, and accessibility of data records. The processing of medical records could potentially benefit from greater speed and privacy if it combines quantum computing and blockchain technology. The authors of this paper investigate the possible benefits and applications of blockchain and quantum technologies in the field of medicine, pharmacy and healthcare systems. In this context, this work explored and compared quantum technologies and blockchain-based technologies in conjunction with other cutting-edge information and communications technologies such as ratification intelligence, machine learning, drones, and so on

A cybersecurity control framework for blockchain ecosystems

This paper proposes a cybersecurity control framework for blockchain ecosystems, drawing from risks identified in the practitioner and academic literature. The framework identifies thirteen risks for blockchain implementations, ten common to other information systems and three risks specific to blockchains: centralization of computing power, transaction malleability, and flawed or malicious smart contracts. It also proposes controls to mitigate the risks identified; some were identified in the literature and some are new. Controls that apply to all types of information systems are adapted to the different components of the blockchain ecosystem

Social Commerce as a Driver to Enhance Trust and Intention to Use Cryptocurrencies for Electronic Payments

The deployment of cryptocurrencies in e-commerce has reached a significant number of transactions and continuous increases in monetary circulation; nevertheless, they face two impediments: a lack of awareness of the technological utility, and a lack of trust among consumers. E-commerce carried out through social networks expands its application to a new paradigm called social commerce. Social commerce uses the content generated within social networks to attract new consumers and influence their behavior. The objective of this paper is to analyze the role played by social media in increasing trust and intention to use cryptocurrencies in making electronic payments. It develops a model that combines constructs from social support theory, social commerce, and the technology acceptance model. This model is evaluated using the partial least square analysis. The obtained results show that social commerce increases the trust and intention to use cryptocurrencies. However, mutual support among participants does not generate sufficient trust to adequately promote the perceived usefulness of cryptocurrencies. This research provides a practical tool for analyzing how collaborative relationships that emerge in social media can influence or enhance the adoption of a new technology in terms of perceived trust and usefulness. Furthermore, it provides a significant contribution to consumer behavior research by applying the social support theory to the adoption of new information technologies. These theoretical and practical contributions are detailed in the final section of the paper.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Research Agency (AEI) and in part by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through project CloudDriver4Industry under Grant TIN2017-89266-R

A Review on Blockchain Technologies for an Advanced and Cyber-Resilient Automotive Industry

[Absctract]: In the last century, the automotive industry has arguably transformed society, being one of the most complex, sophisticated, and technologically advanced industries, with innovations ranging from the hybrid, electric, and self-driving smart cars to the development of IoT-connected cars. Due to its complexity, it requires the involvement of many Industry 4.0 technologies, like robotics, advanced manufacturing systems, cyber-physical systems, or augmented reality. One of the latest technologies that can benefit the automotive industry is blockchain, which can enhance its data security, privacy, anonymity, traceability, accountability, integrity, robustness, transparency, trustworthiness, and authentication, as well as provide long-term sustainability and a higher operational efficiency to the whole industry. This review analyzes the great potential of applying blockchain technologies to the automotive industry emphasizing its cybersecurity features. Thus, the applicability of blockchain is evaluated after examining the state-of-the-art and devising the main stakeholders' current challenges. Furthermore, the article describes the most relevant use cases, since the broad adoption of blockchain unlocks a wide area of short- and medium-term promising automotive applications that can create new business models and even disrupt the car-sharing economy as we know it. Finally, after strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis, some recommendations are enumerated with the aim of guiding researchers and companies in future cyber-resilient automotive industry developments

A Review on the Application of Blockchain to the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories

[Absctract]: Industry 4.0 is a concept devised for improving the way modern factories operate through the use of some of the latest technologies, like the ones used for creating the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), robotics, or Big Data applications. One of such technologies is blockchain, which is able to add trust, security, and decentralization to different industrial fields. This article focuses on analyzing the benefits and challenges that arise when using blockchain and smart contracts to develop Industry 4.0 applications. In addition, this paper presents a thorough review of the most relevant blockchain-based applications for Industry 4.0 technologies. Thus, its aim is to provide a detailed guide for the future Industry 4.0 developers that allows for determining how the blockchain can enhance the next generation of cybersecure industrial applications

Towards Post-Quantum Blockchain: A Review on Blockchain Cryptography Resistant to Quantum Computing Attacks

[Abstract] Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) have evolved significantly in the last years and their use has been suggested for numerous applications due to their ability to provide transparency, redundancy and accountability. In the case of blockchain, such characteristics are provided through public-key cryptography and hash functions. However, the fast progress of quantum computing has opened the possibility of performing attacks based on Grover's and Shor's algorithms in the near future. Such algorithms threaten both public-key cryptography and hash functions, forcing to redesign blockchains to make use of cryptosystems that withstand quantum attacks, thus creating which are known as post-quantum, quantum-proof, quantum-safe or quantum-resistant cryptosystems. For such a purpose, this article first studies current state of the art on post-quantum cryptosystems and how they can be applied to blockchains and DLTs. Moreover, the most relevant post-quantum blockchain systems are studied, as well as their main challenges. Furthermore, extensive comparisons are provided on the characteristics and performance of the most promising post-quantum public-key encryption and digital signature schemes for blockchains. Thus, this article seeks to provide a broad view and useful guidelines on post-quantum blockchain security to future blockchain researchers and developers.10.13039/501100010801-Xunta de Galicia (Grant Number: ED431G2019/01) 10.13039/501100011033-Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Grant Number: TEC2016-75067-C4-1-R and RED2018-102668-T) 10.13039/501100008530-European Regional Development FundXunta de Galicia; ED431G2019/0