Contributions to high accuracy snapshot GNSS positioning

(English) Snapshot positioning is the technique to determine the position of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver using only a very brief interval of the received satellite signal. In recent years, this technique has received a great amount of attention thanks to its unique advantages in power efficiency, Time To First Fix (TTFF) and economic costs for deployment. However, the state of the art algorithms regarding snapshot positioning were based on code measurements only, which unavoidably limited the positioning accuracy to meter level. The present PhD research aims at achieving high-accuracy (centimetre level) snapshot positioning by properly utilizing carrier phase measurements. Two technical challenges should be tackled before such level of accuracy can be achieved, namely, satellite transmission time inaccuracy and the so-called Data Bit Ambiguity (DBA) issue. The first challenge is essentially originated from the lack of absolute timing accuracy in the receiver, as only the coarse time information is available from an external assistance module and its error can be up to a few seconds. Applying a conventional Coarse Time Filter (CTF) can increase this timing accuracy to millisecond level. However, this is still not enough for carrier-phase based positioning since the satellite position errors introduced by such timing errors range up to one meter, which certainly impedes the carrier phase Integer Ambiguity Resolution (IAR). A method is proposed to set a global time tag and correspondingly construct the pseudoranges with full period corrections. The second challenge is caused by the fact that snapshot measurements are generated based on the results of the correlation between the received signal and the local replicas. Multiple replicas are typically produced in snapshot positioning following the Multi Hypothesis (MH) acquisition architecture. It may happen that more than one local replica (i.e. hypothesis) result in the maximum correlation energy. Hence, we need to identify the actual secondary codes or data bit symbols encoded in the received signal, i.e. to resolve the DBA. Particularly, when the local replica is generated with exactly opposite symbols to the actual ones, the resulting carrier phase measurement contains a Half Cycle Error (HCE) and impedes also the IAR step. A method has been proposed in this PhD to resolve the DBA issue for pilot signals with encoded secondary codes. This method attempts to form a consensus among all satellites regarding their secondary codes under the assistance of their flight time differences. A different approach has been developed for data signals. It amends the carrier phase HCEs one after another by an iterative satellite inclusion procedure. This approach uses the Real Time Kinematics (RTK) LAMBDA Ratio Factor (LRF) as an indicator to evaluate the potential existence of the HCEs. The present PhD focuses on implementing the so-called Snapshot RTK (SRTK) technique. As in the classic RTK technique, SRTK cancels most of the measurement errors through the Double-Differenced (DD) process. The workflow details of SRTK are explained incorporating the aforementioned new algorithms. Several experiments were performed based on real world signal recordings and the results confirm the feasibility of obtaining SRTK fix solutions. The performance of SRTK is numerically demonstrated under different parameters of signal bandwidth, integration time and baseline distance. The SRTK fix rates can reach more than 90% in most of the scenarios, with centimetre-level positioning errors observed in the fixed solutions. It can be concluded that upon the implementation of the global time tag method, high accuracy snapshot positioning becomes feasible with the SRTK technique and its performance varies depending on the SRTK configuration. The algorithms developed for the DBA issue and carrier phase HCEs also prove to effectively improve the performance of SRTK.(Español) El posicionamiento instantáneo es la técnica para determinar la posición de un receptor del Sistema Global de Navegación por Satélite (GNSS) utilizando solo un intervalo muy breve de la señal recibida. En los últimos años, esta técnica ha recibido una gran atención gracias a sus ventajas únicas en eficiencia energética, tiempo hasta la primera posición (TTFF) y reducidos costes económicos para la implementación. Sin embargo, el estado del arte de los algoritmos relacionados con el posicionamiento de señales instantáneas utilizaron solo medidas de código, lo que inevitablemente limitó la precisión del posicionamiento a al nivel del metro. La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo lograr un posicionamiento instantáneo de alta precisión (nivel centimétrico) mediante las medidas de fase de la portadora. Para ello, deben abordarse dos desafíos técnicos antes de que se pueda alcanzar ese nivel de precisión: resolver la inexactitud del tiempo de transmisión del satélite y el llamado problema de ambigüedad de bit de datos (DBA). El primer desafío se origina esencialmente por la falta de precisión de tiempo absoluto en el receptor, ya que solo está disponible la información del tiempo aproximado desde un módulo de asistencia externo y su error puede ser de hasta unos segundos. Así, se propone un método para establecer una etiqueta de tiempo global y construir correspondientemente los pseudorangos con correcciones de período completo. El segundo desafío se debe al hecho de que las mediciones instantáneas se generan en función de los resultados de la correlación entre la señal recibida y las réplicas locales. Las múltiples réplicas generalmente se producen en el posicionamiento de instantáneas siguiendo la arquitectura de de adquisición de el Múltiples Hipótesis (MH). Por lo tanto, se necesita identificar los códigos secundarios reales o los símbolos de bits de datos codificados en la señal recibida, para resolver el DBA. En particular, cuando la réplica local se genera con símbolos exactamente opuestos a los reales, el resultado de la medición de la fase de la portadora contiene un error de medio ciclo (HCE) e impide también la resolución de ambigüedad entera (IAR). Se ha propuesto un método en esta Tesis Doctoral para resolver el problema de DBA para señales piloto con códigos secundarios. Este método intenta formar un consenso entre todos los satélites con respecto a sus códigos secundarios bajo la asistencia de sus diferencias de tiempo de vuelo. Un enfoque diferente ha sido desarrollado para señales que contienen datos del mensaje de navegación. Se modifica los HCE de la fase de portadora uno tras otro mediante un procedimiento iterativo de inclusión de satélites. Este método utiliza el factor de relación LAMBDA (LRF) utilizado en posicionamiento relativo en tiempo real (RTK) como indicador para evaluar la existencia potencial de los HCE. La presente tesis doctoral se centra en implementar la técnica denominada Snapshot RTK (SRTK). Se realizaron varios experimentos basados ?en ?señales del mundo real. Las grabaciones y los resultados confirman la viabilidad de obtener soluciones SRTK con IAR. El rendimiento de SRTK es numéricamente demostrado bajo diferentes parámetros tales como el ancho de banda de señal, tiempo de integración y distancia de línea de base. Las tasas de fijación IAR de SRTK pueden alcanzar más del 90% en la mayoría de los escenarios, observándose errores de posicionamiento centimétricos en las soluciones fijas. Se puede concluir que tras la implementación del método de etiqueta de tiempo global, que el posicionamiento de instantáneas de alta precisión se vuelve factible con la técnica SRTK y las prestaciones varían dependiendo de la configuración. Los algoritmos desarrollados para la resolución de DBA y los HCE de fase portadora también demuestran que mejoran efectivamente el rendimientoCiència i tecnologies aeroespacial

GNSS Precise Point Positioning Using Low-Cost GNSS Receivers

There are positioning techniques available such as Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) which allow user to obtain few cm-level positioning, but require infrastructure cost, i.e., setting up local or regional networks of base stations to provide corrections. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) using dual-frequency receivers is a popular standalone technique to process GNSS data by applying precise satellite orbit and clock correction along with other corrections to produce cm to dm-level positioning. At the time of writing, almost all low-cost and ultra-low-cost (few $10s) GNSS units are single-frequency chips. Single-frequency PPP poses challenges in terms of effectively mitigating ionospheric delay and the multipath, as there is no second frequency to remove the ionospheric delay. The quality of measurements also deteriorates drastically from geodetic-grade to ultra-low-cost hardware. Given these challenges, this study attempts to improve the performance of single-frequency PPP using geodetic-grade hardware, and to capture the potential positioning performance of this new generation of low-cost and ultra-low-cost GNSS chips. Raw measurement analysis and post-fit residuals show that measurements from cellphones are more prone to multipath compared to signals from geodetic-grade and low-cost receivers. Horizontal accuracy of a few-centimetres is demonstrated with geodetic-grade hardware. Whereas accuracy of few-decimetres is observed from low-cost and ultra-low-cost GNSS hardware. With multi-constellation processing, improvements in accuracy and reductions in convergence time over initial 60 minutes period, are also demonstrated with three different set of GNSS hardware. Horizontal and vertical rms of 37 cm and 51 cm, respectively, is achieved using a cellphone

On Fault Detection and Exclusion in Snapshot and Recursive Positioning Algorithms for Maritime Applications

Resilient provision of Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) data can be considered as a key element of the e-Navigation strategy developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). An indication of reliability has been identified as a high level user need with respect to PNT data to be supplied by electronic navigation means. The paper concentrates on the Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE) component of the Integrity Monitoring (IM) for navigation systems based both on pure GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) as well as on hybrid GNSS/inertial measurements. Here a PNT-data processing Unit will be responsible for both the integration of data provided by all available on-board sensors as well as for the IM functionality. The IM mechanism can be seen as an instantaneous decision criterion for using or not using the system and, therefore, constitutes a key component within a process of provision of reliable navigational data in future navigation systems. The performance of the FDE functionality is demonstrated for a pure GNSS-based snapshot weighted iterative least-square (WLS) solution, a GNSS-based Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) as well as for a classical error-state tightly-coupled EKF for the hybrid GNSS/inertial system. Pure GNSS approaches are evaluated by combining true measurement data collected in port operation scenario with artificially induced measurement faults, while for the hybrid navigation system the measurement data in an open sea scenario with native GNSS measurement faults have been employed. The work confirms the general superiority of the recursive Bayesian scheme with FDE over the snapshot algorithms in terms of fault detection performance even for the case of GNSS-only navigation. Finally, the work demonstrates a clear improvement of the FDE schemes over non-FDE approaches when the FDE functionality is implemented within a hybrid integrated navigation system

GNSS Integrity Monitoring assisted by Signal Processing techniques in Harsh Environments

The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications are growing and more pervasive in the modern society. The presence of multi-constellation GNSS receivers able to use signals coming from different systems like the american Global Positioning System (GPS), the european Galileo, the Chinese Beidou and the russian GLONASS, permits to have more accuracy in position solution. All the receivers provide always more reliable solution but it is important to monitor the possible presence of problems in the position computation. These problems could be caused by the presence of impairments given by unintentional sources like multipath generated by the environment or intentional sources like spoofing attacks. In this thesis we focus on design algorithms at signal processing level used to assist Integrity operations in terms of Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE). These are standalone algorithms all implemented in a software receiver without using external information. The first step was the creation of a detector for correlation distortion due to the multipath with his limitations. Once the detection is performed a quality index for the signal is computed and a decision about the exclusion of a specific Satellite Vehicle (SV) is taken. The exclusion could be not feasible so an alternative approach could be the inflation of the variance of the error models used in the position computation. The quality signal can be even used for spoofinng applications and a novel mitigation technique is developed and presented. In addition, the mitigation of the multipath can be reached at pseudoranges level by using new method to compute the position solution. The main contributions of this thesis are: the development of a multipath, or more in general, impairments detector at signal processing level; the creation of an index to measure the quality of a signal based on the detector’s output; the description of a novel signal processing method for detection and mitigation of spoofing effects, based on the use of linear regression algorithms; An alternative method to compute the Position Velocity and Time (PVT) solution by using different well known algorithms in order to mitigate the effects of the multipath on the position domain

Adaptive filtering applications to satellite navigation

PhDDifferential Global Navigation Satellite Systems employ the extended Kalman filter to estimate the reference position error. High accuracy integrated navigation systems have the ability to mix traditional inertial sensor outputs with navigation satellite based position information and can be used to develop high accuracy landing systems for aircraft. This thesis considers a host of estimation problems associated with aircraft navigation systems that currently rely on the extended Kalman filter and proposes to use a nonlinear estimation algorithm, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) that does not rely on Jacobian linearisation. The objective is to develop high accuracy positioning algorithms to facilitate the use of GNSS or DGNSS for aircraft landing. Firstly, the position error in a typical satellite navigation problem depends on the accuracy of the orbital ephemeris. The thesis presents results for the prediction of the orbital ephemeris from a customised navigation satellite receiver's data message. The SDP4/SDP8 algorithms and suitable noise models are used to establish the measured data. Secondly, the differential station common mode position error not including the contribution due to errors in the ephemeris is usually estimated by employing an EKF. The thesis then considers the application of the UKF to the mixing problem, so as to facilitate the mixing of measurements made by either a GNSS or a DGNSS and a variety of low cost or high-precision INS sensors. Precise, adaptive UKFs and a suitable nonlinear propagation method are used to estimate the orbit ephemeris and the differential position and the navigation filter mixing errors. The results indicate the method is particularly suitable for estimating the orbit ephemeris of navigation satellites and the differential position and navigation filter mixing errors, thus facilitating interoperable DGNSS operation for aircraft landing

Safe navigation for vehicles

La navigation par satellite prend un virage très important ces dernières années, d'une part par l'arrivée imminente du système Européen GALILEO qui viendra compléter le GPS Américain, mais aussi et surtout par le succès grand public qu'il connaît aujourd'hui. Ce succès est dû en partie aux avancées technologiques au niveau récepteur, qui, tout en autorisant une miniaturisation de plus en plus avancée, en permettent une utilisation dans des environnements de plus en plus difficiles. L'objectif aujourd'hui est de préparer l'utilisation de ce genre de signal dans une optique bas coût dans un milieu urbain automobile pour des applications critiques d'un point de vue sécurité (ce que ne permet pas les techniques d'hybridation classiques). L'amélioration des technologies (réduction de taille des capteurs type MEMS ou Gyroscope) ne peut, à elle seule, atteindre l'objectif d'obtenir une position dont nous pouvons être sûrs si nous utilisons les algorithmes classiques de localisation et d'hybridation. En effet ces techniques permettent d'avoir une position sans cependant permettre d'en quantifier le niveau de confiance. La faisabilité de ces applications repose d'une part sur une recherche approfondie d'axes d'amélioration des algorithmes de localisation, mais aussi et conjointement, sur la possibilité, via les capteurs externes de maintenir un niveau de confiance élevé et quantifié dans la position même en absence de signal satellitaire. ABSTRACT : Satellite navigation has acquired an increased importance during these last years, on the one hand due to the imminent appearance of the European GALILEO system that will complement the American GPS, and on the other hand due to the great success it has encountered in the commercial civil market. An important part of this success is based on the technological development at the receiver level that has rendered satellite navigation possible even in difficult environments. Today's objective is to prepare the utilisation of this kind of signals for land vehicle applications demanding high precision positioning. One of the main challenges within this research domain, which cannot be addressed by classical coupling techniques, is related to the system capability to provide reliable position estimations. The enhancement in dead-reckoning technologies (i.e. size reduction of MEMS-based sensors or gyroscopes) cannot all by itself reach the necessary confidence levels if exploited with classical localization and integration algorithms. Indeed, these techniques provide a position estimation whose reliability or confidence level it is very difficult to quantify. The feasibility of these applications relies not only on an extensive research to enhance the navigation algorithm performances in harsh scenarios, but also and in parallel, on the possibility to maintain, thanks to the presence of additional sensors, a high confidence level on the position estimation even in the absence of satellite navigation signals

Navigation performance and integrity monitoring for ballistic missiles using all-in-view GPS

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-158).by Jeff Hossein Hassannia.M.S

DGNSS Cooperative Positioning in Mobile Smart Devices: A Proof of Concept

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constitutes the foremost provider for geo-localization in a growing number of consumer-grade applications and services supporting urban mobility. Therefore, low-cost and ultra-low-cost, embedded GNSS receivers have become ubiquitous in mobile devices such as smartphones and consumer electronics to a large extent. However, limited sky visibility and multipath scattering induced in urban areas hinder positioning and navigation capabilities, thus threatening the quality of position estimates. This work leverages the availability of raw GNSS measurements in ultralow-cost smartphone chipsets and the ubiquitous connectivity provided by modern, low-latency network infrastructures to enable a Cooperative Positioning (CP) framework. A Proof Of Concept is presented that aims at demonstrating the feasibility of a GNSS-only CP among networked smartphones embedding ultra-low-cost GNSS receivers. The test campaign presented in this study assessed the feasibility of a client-server approach over 4G/LTE network connectivity. Results demonstrated an overall service availability above 80%, and an average accuracy improvement over the 40% w.r.t. to the GNSS standalone solution

Computational Aspects of Sensor Fusion for GNSS Outlier Mitigation in Navigation

As the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are intensively used as main source of Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information for maritime and inland water navigation, it becomes increasingly important to ensure the reliability of GNSS-based navigation solutions for challenging environments. Although an intensive work has been done in developing GNSS Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) algorithms, a reliable procedure to mitigate multiple simultaneous outliers is still lacking. The presented work evaluates the performance of several methods for multiple outlier mitigation based on robust estimation framework and compares them to the performance of state-of-the-art methods. The relevant methods include M-estimation, S-estimation, Least Median of Squares LMS-based approaches as well as corresponding modifications for C/N0-based weighting schemes. The snapshot positioning methods are also tested within the quaternion-based Unscented Kalman filter for integrated inertial/GNSS solution. The proposed schemes are evaluated using real measurement data from challenging inland water scenarios with multiple bridges and a waterway lock. The initial results are encouraging and clearly indicate the potential of the discussed methods both for classical snapshot solutions as well for the methods with complementary sensors

Performance of Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) for Maritime Operations

The use of GNSS in the context of maritime applications has evolved during the past. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has defined and published requirements for those applications. Comparing the requirements on the one hand specified by ICAO and on the other hand by IMO, significant differences get obvious. A major focus is on the evaluation of the performance of the integrity algorithms. Also concept drivers are discussed